Ise Shrine

Japanese: 伊勢神宮 - いせじんぐう

Located in Ise City, Mie Prefecture. In the past, it was written as Ise Daijingu, Nishoko Taijingu, etc., and even today it is called Ise Jingu or "Oise-san," but its official name is just Jingu. There are other shrines with the title Jingu, such as Meiji Jingu, Kashihara Jingu, and Atsuta Jingu, but Jingu has a different status from these, and since ancient times, Jingu has been considered the highest and most special shrine residence. Jingu consists of two main shrines, Kotai Jingu (Naiku) and Toyouke Daijingu (Geku), and associated shrines.

[Junichi Kamata]

History of the shrine

Kotaijingu Shrine is located in Ujitachi-cho, Ise City, upstream of the Isuzu River, and enshrines Amaterasu Omikami, with Ameno Tajikarao no Kami and Manbatatoyoakitsuhime no Mikoto enshrined in the adjacent hall. In ancient times, it was also called Tada Taijingu Shrine or Isuzu no Miya Shrine. Regarding the history of the establishment of this Imperial Grand Shrine, according to the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, when the heavenly grandson descended to earth, Amaterasu Omikami bestowed the Yata no Kagami (Mirror of the Heavenly Goddess), saying, "When you look at this precious mirror, you should do so as if you were looking at me. We should both share the same bed and the same hall, and use it as a sacred mirror." Following this, through the three Hyuga generations of Ninigi no Mikoto, Hikohohodemi no Mikoto, and Ugayafukiaezu no Mikoto, from Emperor Jimmu to Emperor Sujin, they were enshrined together in the same bed and the same hall, that is, within the Imperial Palace. However, Emperor Sujin considered it to be too revered and decided to enshrine it in a separate hall. He first enshrined it in Kasanui-no-mura in Yamato (Nara Prefecture), and then, in search of an even better place to worship, he passed through Iga (central-western Mie Prefecture), Omi (Shiga Prefecture), Mino (southern Gifu Prefecture), and Owari Province (Aichi Prefecture), before finally enshrining it in its current location in the 25th year of the reign of Emperor Suinin (one theory is that it was 26 years, but the shrine believes it was 26 years).

Toyouke Daijingu Shrine is located in Yamadahara, Toyokawa-cho, Ise City, and enshrines Toyouke Omikami, the god of food, who is also Amaterasu Omikami's Miketsukami, and three companion gods in the co-shrine. It was also called Toyouke-miya Shrine and Watarai-miya Shrine. There is no mention of the location of Toyouke Daijingu Shrine in the Kojiki or Nihon shoki. The oldest book to record this is the "Toyukegu Ceremony Book" compiled in 804 (the 23rd year of the Enryaku era), which says that by divine oracle from Amaterasu-zaikomikami, in the 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Yuryaku, the deity was brought from Manai Plain in Hiji, Tamba Province (northern Kyoto Prefecture), to its current location and enshrined there. A shrine was then built in the palace, and it was decided that large offerings would be made to Amaterasu-zaikomikami every morning and evening.

[Junichi Kamata]

Shrine

The oldest records of the shrine buildings are found in the Shosoin documents from the Nara period, and it is known that they are not very different from modern buildings in both style and scale, and have long been built in the Yuitsu Shinmei style, which means that they are gabled, have a thatched roof, round pillars built into the ground, plain wood construction, and have chigi and katsuogi rafters on the roof. The Daijingu Shozojiki (Records of Miscellaneous Affairs of Daijingu Shrines) states that during the reign of Emperor Tenmu (7th century), a system of Shikinen Sengu (periodical rebuilding of the shrines) was established, in which the shrines are rebuilt every 20 years. Since then, the Kotaijingu Shrine was rebuilt in 690 (the 4th year of the reign of Empress Jitō), and the Toyouke Daijingu Shrine was rebuilt in 692. Although there were disruptions during the Warring States period, the system has been passed down to the present day. The main halls of both shrines face south, and on either side are the Tohoden and Saihoden (at the rear of the main hall at the Inner Shrine, and in front at the Outer Shrine). Surrounding them are four layers of mikaki (sacred fences), consisting of a Mizugaki (sacred fence), an Uchitamagaki (sacred fence), an Outer Tamagaki (sacred fence), and an Itagaki (seal fence). The Outer Shrine has a food offering hall in the northeast corner within the Itagaki fence.

[Junichi Kamata]

Affiliated shrines and sacred areas

The shrines attached to each of Kotaijingu and Toyouke Daijingu include branch shrines, auxiliary shrines, subordinate shrines, and supervising shrines. The branch shrines are the most highly valued among the affiliated shrines, and Kotaijingu has ten: Aramatsuri no Miya, Tsukiyomi no Miya, Tsukiyomi Aramitama no Miya, Izanagi no Miya, Izanami no Miya, Takihara no Miya, Takihara Narabino Miya, Izawa no Miya, Kazahinomi Miya, and Yamatohime no Miya, while Toyouke Daijingu has four: Taka no Miya, Tsuchi no Miya, Tsukiyomi no Miya, and Kaze no Miya. As for the auxiliary shrines and subordinate shrines, those that were official shrines under the Engi system were called auxiliary shrines, and those that were not were called subordinate shrines. Kotai-jingu Shrine has 27 auxiliary shrines and 33 subordinate shrines, while Toyouke-daijingu Shrine has 16 auxiliary shrines and 8 subordinate shrines. There are 30 shrines under Kotai-jingu Shrine, 4 under Toyouke-daijingu Shrine, 3 under Takihara-no-miya Shrine, and 5 under Izushi-no-miya Shrine. These affiliated shrines are enshrined in the four cities of Ise, Matsusaka, Toba, and Shima, and the two counties of Watarai and Taki in Mie Prefecture.

The current sacred grounds of the Ise Jingu Shrine are approximately 89.4 hectares for Toyouke Daijingu. In addition to the approximately 95 hectares surrounding the main hall, Kotaijingu Shrine also has 5,400 hectares of shrine forest, but in the past, Watarai, Taki, and Iino counties were called the Three Divine Counties and were considered sacred land. In addition, the Imperial offerings made to the shrine are also strictly limited to certain areas, with the Imperial rice coming from Kanda (Kusube-cho, Ise City), salt from Mishiohama and Mishioden (Futami-cho, Ise City), vegetables and fruits from Misono (Futami-cho, Ise City), and seafood such as abalone from the Imperial Abalone Processing Plant (Kuzaki, Toba City), in keeping with ancient customs and aiming for purity.

[Junichi Kamata]

Priests and Ceremonies

Originally, there was a system of positions for the shrine's servants, including the Saio, Saishu, Guji, Negi, Uchindo, and Monoimi. After the successive emperors ascended to the throne, the Saio was required to select an imperial princess or queen to serve them through divination, and this system continued until the reign of Emperor Godaigo. With the collapse of the Ritsuryo system, the positions of the Saio and Guji became hereditary through the Nakatomi clan, and the Negi had traditionally been held by the Arakida clan at Kotai Jingu and the Watarai clan at Toyouke Daijingu, but in 1871 (Meiji 4), all of these hereditary positions were abolished. After that, the chief priest was once again appointed to be a member of the imperial family or a duke, and the following positions were established: Daigūji, Shōgūji, Negi, Gonnegi, etc. After 1945 (Showa 20), the shrine was removed from state control and became a religious corporation, but it continues to follow roughly the same positional structure.

In addition to the Shikinen Sengu Ceremony held every 20 years, there are other annual ceremonies such as the Kanname-sai, which is centered around October 17th, the Tsukinami-sai, which is held mainly on the 17th of June and December (collectively called the Sansetsu-sai), the Kinen-sai, which is held on February 17th, the Kazahinomi-sai, which is held on May 14th, and the Kanmiso-sai, which is held on the 14th of May and October, all of which are performed according to ancient customs. As for the order of rituals and worship at the Inner Shrine and Outer Shrine, it has been customary since ancient times to perform the Geku first.

The Jingu Shicho is the organization that oversees the overall affairs of the shrine. In addition, the Jingu Bunko Library, Jingu Chokokan Museum, and Agricultural Museum are attached to the shrine, and documents related to the shrine and sacred treasures are open to the public.

[Junichi Kamata]

Ise Shrine territory

Under the ancient Ritsuryo system, there were two types of land for Ise Jingu Shrine: Kanbe and Kamita. Kanbe means a fief dedicated to the shrine, and Ise Jingu Shrine was spread across the Tokai region, centering on Ise Province, including Yamato, Iga, Ise, Shima, Owari, Mikawa, and Totomi, and 1,130 households were recognized in the first year of the Daido era (806). Kanda was a field for providing fees for rituals and land for officials, and was concentrated in the vicinity of the shrine, reaching 36 cho and 1 dan in the Engi era (901-923). With the dissolution of the Ritsuryo system, these Kanbe and Kanda came to be more strongly characterized as the land of the Onakatomi clan, the family of the chief priest and chief priest. Of the 13 districts in Ise Province, the two districts of Watarai and Taki, located beneath the shrine, were designated as Shingun early on, but from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 11th century, five districts, Iino, Inabe, Mie, Ano, and Asake, were designated as Shingun, and in 1185 (Bun'ei 1), Iitaka district was added, forming the "Jinpachigun" (eight districts) under the direct control of the shrine. From the 11th to 12th centuries, Mikuriya and Misono were formed, centered on the Arakida and Watarai clans, who were the chief priests and deputy chief priests of the Inner and Outer Shrines, and became the core of the Ise Shrine territory in the Middle Ages. The original role of Mikuriya was to provide tributes of fish and shellfish, and the role of Misono was to provide tributes of produce from the fields, but they gradually became homogenized as landholdings in the Middle Ages. Geographically, they were most densely distributed in the two provinces of Ise and Shima, and through maritime traffic they were established in the three provinces of Owari, Sanga, and Totomi, as well as along the coasts and river basins of the Tokaido and Tosando provinces, and later spread throughout the country with the activities of the Oshi. In the Middle Ages, in addition to the aforementioned Kanda, there was Toda, which was provided to officials, and there was also Jyokyuden, which was directly managed as a means of receiving religious services. At the end of the Kamakura period and during the Nanboku-cho period, the rise of various local powers caused the Mikuriya and Misono to gradually decline, and the economic base shifted to the Oshi encouraging people to have faith in the shrine and make pilgrimages to the shrine, and the various incomes that came from this. The establishment of Watarai Shinto was also against the backdrop of this practical need to encourage people to have faith. During the Muromachi period, Ise Province became a division of the Kitabatake clan, and in 1583 (Tensho 11), the clan was granted 2,500 kan by Kitabatake Nobukatsu, and after the so-called Bunroku land survey in 1594 (Bunroku 3), it was granted over 4,600 koku by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.In the Edo period, 6,200 koku was designated as a shogunate red seal land.

[Mitsuo Tanahashi]

"The Grand Shrine Collection, compiled and published by the Grand Shrine Office, 16 volumes in total (1932-1957)" ▽ "The History of Grand Shrine, by Onishi Genichi (1960, Heibonsha)" ▽ "Ise Grand Shrine, by Sakurai Katsunoshin (1969, Gakuseisha)" ▽ "The Grand Shrine, by Fukuyama Toshio et al. (1975, Shogakukan)" ▽ "The Jori System and Manors, by Kurata Yasuo (1976, Tokyodo Publishing)" ▽ "Law and the State during the Establishment of the Middle Ages, by Tanahashi Mitsuo (1983, Hanawa Shobo)" ▽ "Ise Grand Shrine - The Relocation of the Shrine and Its Secret Rites, by Ishikawa Bon (1993, Asahi Shimbun)" ▽ "The Establishment of Ise Grand Shrine, by Tamura Enju (1996, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)" ▽ "A Study on the Architectural History of Ise Shrine and Daijokyu" by Hayashi Kazuma (2001, Chuokoron-Bijutsu Shuppan) " ▽ "Ise Shrine: An Ancient Shrine of Books" by Miyoshi Kazuyoshi, Okano Hirohiko, and others (2003, Tankosha)" ▽ "A Study on the History of Ise Shrine in the Middle Ages" by Hiraizumi Takafusa (2006, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)" ▽ "Ise Shrine - The Temple of Forests and Peace" by Kawazoe Noboru (2007, Chikuma Shobo)"

[Reference] | Ise faith | Shikinen Sengu | Jingu Bunko

Ise Shrine (Ise Grand Shrine)
It enshrines Amaterasu Omikami (the Sun Goddess). It is also called the Inner Shrine. The photo shows the main shrine located at the innermost part of the Inner Shrine. Through the wooden fence you can see the main hall (right), the Western Treasure Hall, and the Eastern Treasure Hall behind that. The Shin-gochi in the foreground is where a new shrine building will be built when the shrine is relocated. Ise City, Mie Prefecture © Ise Shrine Office, Mie Prefecture Tourism Association ">

Ise Shrine (Ise Grand Shrine)

Ise Shrine (Toyouke Grand Shrine)
It enshrines Toyouke no Okami. It is also called the Geku. The photo shows the main shrine (outside the Itagaki Minami-gomon Gate). Ise City, Mie Prefecture © Jingu Shrine Office, Mie Prefecture Tourism Association ">

Ise Shrine (Toyouke Grand Shrine)

Uji Bridge
It spans the Isuzu River, which flows through the sacred grounds of Kotai-jingu (Naiku). It is located at the entrance to the Naiku and is said to be a bridge from the everyday world to the sacred world. It is a curved bridge made of cypress, with a total length of 101.8m and a width of 8.42m. It is rebuilt every 20 years. It is said that Yamatohime-no-mikoto washed the hem of her sacred robe over the Isuzu River, and is also called the Misogata River. Ise City, Mie Prefecture © Jingu Office Mie Prefecture Tourism Association ">

Uji Bridge

Izushi Shrine
It is a branch shrine of the Inner Shrine of Ise Jingu (Ise Grand Shrine). It is located in Isobe-cho, Shima City, and is called the "Haryomiya" (far away shrine) because it is far from the Inner Shrine. It is highly prestigious and is deeply revered by fishermen and female divers. Shima City, Mie Prefecture © Ise Shrine Office Mie Prefecture Tourism Association ">

Izushi Shrine

The Shikinen Sengu Ceremony of Ise Shrine
A picture of the Sengo ceremony, painted in the Edo period. Sengo is the central ritual in the Shikinen Sengu ceremony of Ise Jingu, which is held every 20 years. The sacred object is moved from the old shrine to the new shrine by the Daigūji, Shōgūji, Shingi, and many other servants. The Shikinen Sengu system has been passed down to the present day. Utagawa Kuniyoshi's "Ise Daijingu Sengo no Zu" (Picture of the Sengo of Ise Jingu), owned by the National Diet Library .

The Shikinen Sengu Ceremony of Ise Shrine

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

三重県伊勢市に鎮座。古くは伊勢太神宮(だいじんぐう)、二所皇太神宮(にしょこうたいじんぐう)などと記され、現在も伊勢神宮、また「お伊勢さん」と称されるが、正式にはただ神宮という。ほかに明治神宮、橿原(かしはら)神宮、熱田(あつた)神宮などと神宮号をつけた神社があるが、それらと社格が異なり、神宮は古来、最高の特別格の宮居とされている。神宮は、皇大(こうたい)神宮（内宮(ないくう)）と豊受(とようけ)大神宮（外宮(げくう)）の二所の正宮(しょうぐう)と、それに付属する宮社よりなっている。

［鎌田純一］

鎮座由緒

皇大神宮は伊勢市宇治館(うじたち)町、五十鈴(いすず)川の川上にあり、天照坐皇大御神(あまてらしますすめおおみかみ)を祀(まつ)り、相殿(あいどの)に天手力男神(あめのたぢからおのかみ)、万幡豊秋津姫命(よろずはたとよあきつひめのみこと)を祀る。古くはただ太神宮、また伊須受能宮(いすずのみや)などともよばれた。この皇大神宮の鎮座由緒については、『古事記』『日本書紀』によると、天孫降臨にあたって、天照坐皇大御神が八咫鏡(やたのかがみ)を授け、「この宝鏡を視(み)まさんこと、まさに吾(われ)を視るがごとくすべし。ともに床を同じくし殿をともにして、斎鏡(いわいのかがみ)とすべし」といわれたことを受け、瓊瓊杵尊(ににぎのみこと)、彦火火出見尊(ひこほほでみのみこと)、鵜葺草葺不合尊(うがやふきあえずのみこと)の日向(ひゅうが)三代を経て、神武(じんむ)天皇より崇神(すじん)天皇の代まで同床共殿、すなわち皇居の中にともに祀っていた。しかし、崇神天皇はそれを畏(おそ)れ多いこととして別殿で祀ることとし、初め大和(やまと)（奈良県）の笠縫邑(かさぬいのむら)に祀り、さらによい宮処(みやどころ)を求めて伊賀（三重県中西部）、近江(おうみ)（滋賀県）、美濃(みの)（岐阜県南部）、尾張(おわり)国（愛知県）を経て、垂仁(すいにん)天皇25年（一説に26年、神宮では26年説をとる）現在地に奉斎したと伝承する。

　豊受大神宮は伊勢市豊川町、山田原(やまだがはら)にあり、天照坐皇大御神の御饌都神(みけつかみ)、つまり食物の神である豊受大神(とようけおおみかみ)を祀り、相殿に御伴神(みとものかみ)3座を祀る。豊受宮、度会宮(わたらいのみや)などともよばれた。この豊受大神宮の鎮座については記紀に記述はない。804年（延暦23）撰(せん)の『止由気宮(とゆけぐう)儀式帳』がそれを記す最古の書であるが、それによると、天照坐皇大御神の神託により、雄略(ゆうりゃく)天皇22年に丹波(たんば)国（京都府北部）比治(ひじ)の真奈井(まない)の原より現在地に迎え祀り、この宮に御饌殿(みけでん)をつくり、天照坐皇大御神に日別(ひごと)朝夕の大御饌(おおみけ)を奉ることとしたという。

［鎌田純一］

社殿

神宮社殿に関する記録の最古のものは奈良時代の正倉院文書(もんじょ)にみられるが、形式、規模ともに現代と大差なく、古くから唯一神明造(ゆいつしんめいづくり)であったことが知られる。すなわち、切妻造(きりづまづくり)、平入(ひらいり)の萱葺(かやぶ)きで、柱は丸柱の掘立(ほった)て式、素木(しらき)造で、屋根に千木(ちぎ)、鰹木(かつおぎ)がある。『太神宮諸雑事記(しょぞうじき)』に、この社殿は、天武(てんむ)天皇のとき（7世紀）、20年ごとに建て替えられる式年遷宮(しきねんせんぐう)の制度が定められたとあり、以後690年（持統天皇4）に皇大神宮の遷宮、692年に豊受大神宮の遷宮が行われ、戦国時代に乱れたこともあったが、現代にその制度が伝えられている。両正宮の正殿は南面し、その両側に東宝殿、西宝殿（内宮は正殿の後方、外宮は前方）がある。それを囲んで瑞垣(みずがき)、内玉垣(うちたまがき)、外玉垣(とのたまがき)、板垣(いたがき)の四重の御垣(みかき)を巡らす。外宮には板垣内、東北隅に御饌殿がある。

［鎌田純一］

付属社・神域

皇大神宮、豊受大神宮のそれぞれに付属する宮社には、別宮(べつぐう)、摂社(せっしゃ)、末社(まっしゃ)、所管社(しょかんしゃ)がある。別宮は付属の宮社のなかでも重んじられており、皇大神宮に荒祭宮(あらまつりのみや)、月読(つきよみ)宮、月読荒御魂(あらみたま)宮、伊佐奈岐(いざなぎ)宮、伊佐奈弥(いざなみ)宮、滝原(たきはら)宮、滝原竝(ならび)宮、伊雑(いざわ)宮、風日祈(かざひのみ)宮、倭姫(やまとひめ)宮の10社があり、豊受大神宮に多賀(たか)宮、土(つち)宮、月夜見(つきよみ)宮、風(かぜ)宮の4社がある。摂社、末社は、延喜(えんぎ)の制で官社とされていた社を摂社、そうでない社を末社とした。皇大神宮には摂社27社・33座、末社16社・16座があり、豊受大神宮には摂社16社・17座、末社8社・8座がある。所管社は皇大神宮に30社、豊受大神宮に4社、別宮の滝原宮に3社、伊雑宮に5社ある。これらの付属社は伊勢、松阪、鳥羽(とば)、志摩(しま)の4市、三重県下の度会(わたらい)、多気(たき)の2郡にわたって鎮座している。

　神宮の神域は、現在、豊受大神宮が約89.4ヘクタール。皇大神宮は正殿周辺の約95ヘクタールのほかに、宮域林5400ヘクタールを有しているが、古くは度会、多気、飯野(いいの)郡を神三郡(じんさんぐん)と称して神領としていた。また、神饌(しんせん)として供える御料(ごりょう)も、古儀を重んじ清浄を期して、御料米(ごりょうまい)は神田(しんでん)（伊勢市楠部(くすべ)町）、塩は御塩浜(みしおはま)、御塩殿（伊勢市二見町）、野菜や果物は御園(みその)（伊勢市二見町）、アワビなど海産物は御料鰒(ごりょうあわび)調製所（鳥羽市国崎(くざき)）のように、およそその生産地を限定している。

［鎌田純一］

神職・祭儀

神宮の奉仕者として、もと斎王(さいおう)、祭主(さいしゅ)、宮司(ぐうじ)、禰宜(ねぎ)、内人(うちんど)、物忌(ものいみ)らの職制があった。斎王は、歴代天皇がその即位後、規定により皇女また女王を卜定(ぼくじょう)し奉仕させることとなっていて、その制は後醍醐(ごだいご)天皇の代まで続けられた。また律令(りつりょう)体制が崩れるとともに、祭主、宮司は中臣(なかとみ)氏の世襲となり、禰宜は、皇大神宮は荒木田(あらきだ)一族が、豊受大神宮は度会一族が古くから就任することとなっていたが、1871年（明治4）すべてその世襲制を廃した。その後、改めて祭主には皇族または公爵がつくことになり、以下、大宮司、少宮司、禰宜、権(ごん)禰宜などの職制が設けられた。1945年（昭和20）以後は国家管理を離れ宗教法人となったが、およそ同様の職制を踏襲している。

　祭儀には、20年ごとの式年遷宮祭のほか、恒例式として、10月17日を中心とする神嘗祭(かんなめさい)、6月と12月の各17日を中心に行われる月次祭(つきなみさい)（以上を三節祭(さんせつさい)という）、2月17日の祈年(きねん)祭、5月14日の風日祈(かざひのみ)祭、5月と10月の各14日の神御衣(かんみそ)祭などがあり、いずれも古式にのっとり行われている。内宮と外宮との祭祀(さいし)や参拝の順序は古来、外宮を先とするのが習わしである。

　神宮の事務全般をつかさどる機関に神宮司庁がある。なお神宮の付属施設として神宮文庫、神宮徴古館(ちょうこかん)、農業館があり、神宮関係の資料、神宝などを公開している。

［鎌田純一］

伊勢神宮領

古代律令制下の伊勢神宮領として、神戸(かんべ)と神田(かみた)の2種があった。神戸は神社に献ぜられた封戸(ふこ)の意味で、伊勢神宮については、大和国、伊賀国、伊勢国、志摩国、尾張国、参河(みかわ)国、遠江(とおとうみ)国など伊勢国を中心として東海地方に展開し、大同(だいどう)元年（806）には1130戸が認められた。また、神田は祭祀料田・職掌人給田であって神宮近辺に集中し、延喜年間（901～923）に36町1段を数えた。律令制の解体とともに、これら神戸・神田などは、祭主・宮司一族大中臣(おおなかとみ)氏の所領としての性格を強めるに至った。なお、伊勢国13郡のうち、神宮膝下(しっか)の度会、多気2郡は早く神郡となっていたが、9世紀末から11世紀初頭にかけて、飯野(いいの)、員弁(いなべ)、三重(みえ)、安濃(あの)、朝明(あさけ)の5郡が神郡となり、さらに1185年（文治1）には飯高(いいたか)郡が加わって、ここに神宮直轄の「神八郡(じんはちぐん)」が形成された。11～12世紀にかけて、内宮・外宮の禰宜・権禰宜たる荒木田氏、度会氏一族を中心に、御厨(みくりや)・御園(みその)が形成され、中世伊勢神宮領の中核となった。御厨は魚貝類の貢進、御園は畠地(はたち)生産物の貢進が本来の役割であったが、中世的土地領有として同質化していった。地域的には、伊勢、志摩両国にもっとも濃密に分布し、海上交通を通じて尾張、参河、遠江の3国、さらに東海道・東山道諸国の海岸部および河川流域に設置され、のち御師(おし)の活動に伴って全国に広がった。中世の職掌人給田として前記の神田のほか戸田があり、さらに祭祀料の直営田として常供田があった。鎌倉末・南北朝期には、在地諸勢力の台頭によって御厨・御園も徐々に衰退し、御師による神宮信仰と参詣(さんけい)の勧誘、これによる諸種の収入に経済基盤は転換していった。度会神道の大成も、この信仰勧誘という現実的必要を背景としたものであった。室町期には、伊勢国は北畠(きたばたけ)氏の分国となり、1583年（天正11）北畠信雄(のぶかつ)より2500貫、1594年（文禄3）のいわゆる文禄(ぶんろく)検地ののち豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉より4600余石を与えられ、江戸時代になって6200石が幕府朱印地として認定された。

［棚橋光男］

『神宮司庁編・刊『大神宮叢書』全16巻（1932～1957）』▽『大西源一著『大神宮史要』（1960・平凡社）』▽『桜井勝之進著『伊勢神宮』（1969・学生社）』▽『福山敏男他著『神宮』（1975・小学館）』▽『倉田康夫著『条里制と荘園』（1976・東京堂出版）』▽『棚橋光男著『中世成立期の法と国家』（1983・塙書房）』▽『石川梵著『伊勢神宮――遷宮とその秘儀』（1993・朝日新聞社）』▽『田村円澄著『伊勢神宮の成立』（1996・吉川弘文館）』▽『林一馬著『伊勢神宮・大嘗宮建築史論』（2001・中央公論美術出版）』▽『三好和義・岡野弘彦他著『本の古社　伊勢神宮』（2003・淡交社）』▽『平泉隆房著『中世伊勢神宮史の研究』（2006・吉川弘文館）』▽『川添登著『伊勢神宮――森と平和の神殿』（2007・筑摩書房）』

[参照項目] | 伊勢信仰 | 式年遷宮 | 神宮文庫

伊勢神宮（皇大神宮）
天照坐皇大御神（天照大神）を祀る。「内宮」ともいう。写真は内宮の最奥部に位置する正宮で、板垣越しに正殿（右）、西宝殿、その奥に東宝殿が見える。手前の新御敷地は遷宮の際に新しい社殿が建てられるところ。三重県伊勢市©神宮司庁　公益社団法人三重県観光連盟">

伊勢神宮（皇大神宮）

伊勢神宮（豊受大神宮）

宇治橋
皇大神宮（内宮）の神域を流れる五十鈴川に架かる。内宮への入り口にあり、日常の世界から神聖な世界へのかけ橋といわれる。檜造の反り橋で、全長101.8m、幅8.42m。20年ごとに架け替えられる。五十鈴川は倭姫命が御裳の裾をすすいだと伝え、御裳濯川ともいわれる。三重県伊勢市©神宮司庁　公益社団法人三重県観光連盟">

宇治橋

伊雑宮

伊勢神宮の式年遷宮
江戸時代に描かれた遷御の図。遷御は、20年ごとに行われる伊勢神宮の式年遷宮で中核をなす祭儀である。神体は大宮司、少宮司、禰宜などと多くの奉仕員によって、旧殿から新殿へと遷される。式年遷宮の制度は現代にも受け継がれている。歌川国芳画『伊勢太神宮遷御之図』国立国会図書館所蔵">

伊勢神宮の式年遷宮

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

<<: Ise faith

>>: Ise merchants