When a relative dies, one lives a life of mourning and modesty for a certain period of time. "Ki" means to abstain from impurity. "Fuku" means mourning clothes. It is also called "bukki" and in ancient times it was written as "fukuki." In the classics, the mourning of one's parents was called "jubuku" and other mourning was called "kyobuku." An article on heavy clothing can already be found in the entry for October of the 7th year of Emperor Tenmu's reign (678) in the "Nihon Shoki." According to the "Mourning Order" of the Yoro Code, the period of mourning is one year (12 months) for the Emperor, parents, husband, and head of the family, five months for grandparents and adoptive parents, three months for great-grandparents, maternal grandparents, aunts, uncles, mothers-in-law, wives, siblings, husband's parents, and legitimate children, and the more distant the blood relationship is, the shorter the period is, one month, seven days, etc. This rule continued to apply until the Edo period, when the shogunate ordered Hayashi Nobuatsu (Hoko) to create a mourning order, which was established in February 1684 (Jokyo 1). It was later revised on December 21, 1693 (Genroku 6), and added again on September 15, 1736 (Genbun 1). The customs of the mourning period were to close the door to one's home, not to eat fish or meat, not to drink alcohol, not to shave one's beard, not to celebrate or mourn, not to play music, not to marry, and not to share one's property with other brothers. This was the so-called samurai system, while the nobles of Kyoto had the Kyoto system. Later, in 1874 (Meiji 7), the Meiji government abolished the Kyoto family system and adopted the samurai family system. This is the system of mourning that is still in place today. According to this, the period of mourning and mourning was set as follows: parents: 50 days and 13 months, husband: 30 days and 13 months, grandparents, adoptive parents, husband's parents: 30 days and 150 days, wife: 20 days and 90 days, eldest son, siblings, aunts and uncles: 20 days and 90 days, and others. In addition, in the case of shrines, there were the Yoshida family mourning order, Shirakawa family mourning order, and Kamosha (uncles and aunts) mourning order in the past, but on October 17, 1874, it was decided that the samurai system would be used for the time being for mourning. After the Second World War, on December 18, 1948 (Showa 23), the Association of Shinto Shrines issued a notice on the "Guidelines for Mourning the Mourning of Shinto Priests' Clothes," which came into effect on January 1 of the following year. According to this, the mourning period is very short, such as 10 days for parents, husbands, wives, and children, and 5 days for grandparents, grandchildren, and siblings, and the clothing is left to the discretion of the individual. At Ise Shrine, the samurai system is still used today. [Numabe Harutomo] ©Shogakukan "> Table of mourning for the uniforms of the family (Announced by the Dajokan in 1874) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
親族の者が死亡したとき、一定の期間忌(い)み慎みの生活をすること。忌(き)は穢(けがれ)を忌(い)むこと。服は喪服(そうふく)の意。服忌(ぶっき)ともいい、古くは服紀とも記した。古典では、父母の喪(も)を「重服(じゅうぶく)」、その他の喪を「軽服(きょうぶく)」といった。『日本書紀』天武(てんむ)天皇7年(678)10月の条には、すでに重服の記事がみえる。『養老律令(ようろうりつりょう)』「喪葬令」によると、服の期間について、天皇、父母、夫、本主は1年(12か月)、祖父母、養父母は5か月、曽祖父母(そうそふぼ)、外祖父母、伯叔父姑(はくしゅくふこ)、妻、兄弟姉妹、夫の父母、嫡子(ちゃくし)は3か月、さらに血縁が遠くなるにしたがって、1か月、7日と短期間となっている。これがその後ずっと適用されたが、江戸時代になると、幕府は林信篤(のぶあつ)(鳳岡(ほうこう))に命じて服忌令をつくらせ、1684年(貞享1)2月にそれが定められた。のち1693年(元禄6)12月21日改正、さらに1736年(元文1)9月15日に追加された。忌中の慣例は、門戸を閉じ、魚肉を食せず、酒を飲まず、髭髪(しはつ)を剃(そ)らず、賀せず、弔せず、音楽をなさず、嫁娶(かしゅ)せず、兄弟財を分かたずをもって法とした。これがいわゆる武家制で、一方、京都の公家(くげ)衆には京家制があった。 のち明治政府は1874年(明治7)に、京家制を廃して武家制を用いることとした。これが今日も行われている忌服の制である。これによると、忌と服との期間を定め、父母は忌50日、服13月、夫は忌30日、服13月、祖父母、養父母、夫の父母は忌30日、服150日、妻は忌20日、服90日、嫡男の子、兄弟姉妹、伯叔父母は忌20日、服90日、その他となっている。また、神社関係では、古くは吉田家服忌令、白川家服忌令、賀茂社(かもしゃ)服忌令などがあったが、1874年10月17日、服忌は当分武家の制を用いることとした。第二次世界大戦後は1948年(昭和23)12月18日、神社本庁より「神職服忌心得」の通達が出され、翌年1月1日から施行された。これによると、忌の期間は、父母、夫、妻、子は10日、祖父母、孫、兄弟姉妹は5日など、非常に短期間となり、服はその人の心得に任すとされている。なお、伊勢(いせ)の神宮では、武家制が今日も用いられている。 [沼部春友] ©Shogakukan"> 服忌表(明治七年太政官布告式家制服忌令… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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