Red dragonfly - Red dragonfly

Japanese: アカトンボ - あかとんぼ
Red dragonfly - Red dragonfly

It is a general term for species of the Sympetrum genus in the family Odonata, but in a broader sense it can refer to mature males of the Scarlet and Red dragonflies, and reddish-colored Pale-legged Dragonflies. The Sympetrum genus is originally an insect of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, with one species known in Africa, about 35 species known in Europe and Asia, and 10 species known in North and Central America. There are 20 species known in Japan, making it the largest genus of dragonflies in Japan. Generally, the body color of adults immediately after hatching is light brown all over, and many species turn red as they mature (such as the Akiakane, Natsuakane, Mayutateakane, and Nekitombo, among many others). However, females often remain yellowish brown. There are also the alpine species Mutsuakane, which turns black, the Naniwa dragonfly, which is blue-black with white powder, and species whose entire body remains orange-brown even when mature (Kitombo, Ookitombo). The most commonly known red dragonfly in Japan is the autumn darter, which is the Japanese archipelago type of the Siberian autumn darter found in Europe and the northern part of the Asian continent, and the two species are quite different in morphology and habits. In the Tokyo area, this species emerges en masse from ponds and rice fields around late June, sometimes flying away in swarms to one side or another. Although their movements have not been tracked in detail, they move from the plains to the mountains, and in midsummer from July to August, many individuals can be seen in high altitudes in the mountains, sometimes up to about 3,000 meters, as if escaping the heat. Here, they spend their time feeding until the autumn chill arrives, and as the temperature drops, males turn red, and both males and females gradually move down to lower ground, as if driven by frost. However, it has not been confirmed whether they return to the place where they first emerged. Mature males and females mate and lay eggs on the plains (the autumn darter lays eggs in water by splashing them). Some males and females survive until December. The eggs spend the winter at the bottom of the water, and as the temperature rises the following spring, they hatch into first-instar larvae. The larvae catch and eat small animals in the water, molting about nine times as they grow, and then climb onto waterside plants to emerge at the end of June.

The summer rosy moth, which is very similar to the autumn rosy moth, does not only appear in the summer, but like the autumn rosy moth, it emerges, but does not migrate widely, probably moving to forests and low mountain areas. In the fall, it turns bright red and appears in rice paddies, where the male and female join forces and release eggs from the air (air-laying). The mountain rosy moth has wide brown bands on its wings, making it easy to distinguish it from other species, while the mayutateakane is slightly smaller and has a pair of round eyebrow patterns on its forehead. Similar species include the maikoakane and the himeakane. The tips of the wings of the noshimetombo, konoshimetombo and squirrel rosy moth are black, and the same pattern also appears in female mayutateakane.

Species endemic to Japan include the Naniwa dragonfly, the Madara Naniwa dragonfly, and the Nekitombo, which are mainly distributed in western Japan. The Ezo Akane is a northern species found only in Hokkaido. The females of these species have their own unique egg-laying valves and are of academic interest for their unique egg-laying habits. In recent years, it has been suggested that the Siberian autumn darter and the Onaga Akane, which were thought to only be found in the northern parts of Europe and the Asian continent, are beginning to establish themselves on the Japan coast of Honshu, and in extreme cases they have been discovered in the Yaeyama Islands of Okinawa in autumn. The only explanation for these occurrences is that they are migrating due to the seasonal winds. Red dragonflies are a seasonal feature in Japan, but the autumn darter and the summer darter are sometimes sold as folk medicines at certain pharmacies.

[Shojiro Asahina]

Autumn darter
The most commonly known red dragonfly. It is found in Hokkaido, Shikoku and Tsushima, but is rarely found in Kyushu. Body length is about 40 mm, hindwing length is about 30 mm. Odonata ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose ">

Autumn darter

Western dragonfly
A rather large red dragonfly found from Hokkaido to Kyushu. The abdomen is orange-brown, and when males mature, the entire body turns dark brown. Body length is about 45 mm, hindwing length is 28-35 mm. Odonata ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose ">

Western dragonfly

Summer madder
Both males and females turn red when they mature, but the males in particular turn red all over, including the compound eyes. Body length 34-38mm, hind wing length 25-30mm. Odonata ©Shogakukan ">

Summer madder

Red-veined darter
It is similar to the Mayutateakane, but can be distinguished by the lack of two black spots on its face and the black stripe on its chest. Body length is about 34 mm, hind wing length is about 25 mm .

Red-veined darter

Miyama Akane
The broad brown bands on the wings make it easy to distinguish from other species. Males turn a beautiful red color when mature (see photo). Body length is about 35 mm, hind wing length is about 30 mm. Odonata ©Shogakukan ">

Miyama Akane


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

昆虫綱トンボ目トンボ科のアカネ属Sympetrumの種類の総称であるが、広義にはショウジョウトンボやベニトンボの成熟雄や、ウスバキトンボの赤化したものなどをさすことがある。アカネ属は、元来、北半球温帯の昆虫で、アフリカに1種、ヨーロッパとアジア大陸に約35種、北アメリカと中央アメリカに10種が知られており、日本には20種を産し、日本のトンボ類のうちもっとも大きな属を代表する。一般に羽化直後の成虫は体の地色は全体が淡褐色で、成熟にしたがい赤くなるものが多い(アキアカネ、ナツアカネ、マユタテアカネ、ネキトンボなど多数)。しかし雌は黄褐色のままであることが多い。また、黒色化する高山種のムツアカネ、青黒で白粉を帯びるナニワトンボ、成熟しても体全体が橙褐色(とうかっしょく)のもの(キトンボ、オオキトンボ)などもある。日本でもっとも普通に知られているアカトンボの代表はアキアカネであるが、これはヨーロッパやアジア大陸の北方に産するタイリクアキアカネの日本列島型で、この両者は形態や習性にもかなり違いがある。この種は東京付近では6月下旬ごろに一斉に池沼や水田から羽化し、ときに群飛していずれかへ飛び去る。その行動は詳しくは追跡されていないが、平地から山地に移り、7~8月の盛夏には山地の高所、ときに3000メートルぐらいまでにわたって、多くの個体が避暑したような状態で認められる。ここで秋冷がくるまで摂食生活を過ごし、気温の低下とともに雄は赤色化し、霜に追われるように、雄雌ともにしだいに低地に下る。しかし、最初に羽化した場所に戻るかどうかは確かめられていない。成熟した雄雌は平地で交尾産卵(アキアカネは水中に放卵する打水産卵)する。雄雌とも12月に入るまで生き延びるものもある。卵は水底で冬を越し、翌春温度の上昇とともに孵化(ふか)して第1齢幼虫となる。幼虫は水中の小動物をとらえて食べ、9回ぐらい脱皮して成長、6月末には水辺の植物に登って羽化する。

 アキアカネによく似たナツアカネは夏にだけ現れるものでなく、アキアカネと同様に羽化して出るが、大移動をせず、おそらく樹林や低山地に移るものらしい。秋には鮮紅色となって水田などに現れ、雄雌連結したまま空中から放卵する(打空産卵)。ミヤマアカネははねに褐色の幅広い帯があるので他種と見分けやすく、マユタテアカネはやや小形で、前額部に1対の丸い眉紋(びもん)がある。これらの近似種にはマイコアカネ、ヒメアカネがある。ノシメトンボ、コノシメトンボ、リスアカネは翅端(したん)部が黒色となっているが、マユタテアカネの雌にも同じ型が現れる。

 日本の特産種としては、ナニワトンボ、マダラナニワトンボ、ネキトンボなどがあるが、西日本を主として分布する。エゾアカネは北海道だけに産する北方種である。これらの各種の雌はそれぞれ特有の産卵弁をもち、独自の産卵習性を示すことで学術上の興味がある。近年、ヨーロッパやアジア大陸の北方にしか産しないと考えられていたタイリクアキアカネやオナガアカネが、本州の日本海岸に定着しつつある可能性があり、極端な場合には沖縄の八重山(やえやま)列島で秋季に発見されている。これらは季節風による移動を考えるほかに説明がつかない。アカトンボ類は日本では季節の風物詩であるが、アキアカネ、ナツアカネは民間薬として特定の薬店で販売されることがある。

[朝比奈正二郎]

アキアカネ
もっとも普通に知られているアカトンボ。北海道から四国、対馬に分布するが、九州には少ない。体長約40mm、後翅長約30mm。トンボ科©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏">

アキアカネ

ノシメトンボ
北海道から九州に分布するやや大形のアカトンボ。腹部は橙褐色で、雄は成熟すると全体が暗褐色となる。体長約45mm、後翅長28~35mm。トンボ科©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏">

ノシメトンボ

ナツアカネ
雄、雌ともに成熟すると赤色化するが、とくに雄は複眼まで含めて全身が赤くなる。体長34~38mm、後翅長25~30mm。トンボ科©Shogakukan">

ナツアカネ

ヒメアカネ
マユタテアカネに似ているが、顔面に二つの黒点がなく、胸部に黒いすじがあることで区別できる。体長約34mm、後翅長約25mm©Shogakukan">

ヒメアカネ

ミヤマアカネ
はねに褐色の幅広い帯があるので他種と見分けやすい。雄は成熟すると美しい赤色になる(写真)。体長約35mm、後翅長約30mm。トンボ科©Shogakukan">

ミヤマアカネ


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