Geological map - Chishitsuzu

Japanese: 地質図 - ちしつず
Geological map - Chishitsuzu

A distribution map showing the strata and rock bodies in the surface layer of the Earth's crust, classified by lithology and age of formation. The strike and dip of the strata, faults, fold axes, and other geological structures are also shown with symbols. The locations of fossil sites and mineral deposits may also be shown. Geological cross sections and geological columns are often included to clearly illustrate the geological structures and the overlapping relationships of the strata.

Generally, soil, volcanic ash, talus deposits, alluvial deposits, and other layers that very thinly cover the earth's surface are omitted. However, because these are important for human life, such as agriculture and civil engineering, there are also surface geological maps that focus on these. Also, because differences in rock type are more important for civil engineering and resource exploration than slight differences in geological age, lithology maps are also created that ignore age differences and classify rock types only. This is also a type of geological map.

Geological maps are usually drawn and colored on contour topographic maps. Geological eras and rock types are differentiated by color and pattern. Abbreviations are often added to prevent fading. Therefore, geological maps must always have a legend explaining the meaning of the colors, symbols, patterns, etc. There are international agreements and conventions for these. For example, Cretaceous layers are green and Cenozoic layers yellow, with darker colors being used for older periods. There are also rules for rock types, such as acidic igneous rocks being red and limestone being blue. When printed in single color, such as in the maps accompanying papers, the topography is omitted.

It should be noted that the geological content and accuracy of the maps vary depending on the scale. For example, large faults such as the Median Tectonic Line may be omitted on small-scale maps such as the 1:2 million Geological Map of Japan.

[Hiroshi Iwamatsu]

[References] | Geology | Geological cross section | Geological column | Geological survey
Geological maps, geological sections, geological columns
©Shogakukan ">

Geological maps, geological sections, geological columns


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地殻表層部に存在する地層や岩体を岩相や形成年代で分類して示した分布図。地層の走向・傾斜や断層、褶曲(しゅうきょく)軸など地質構造も、記号であわせ図示される。化石産出地点や鉱床の位置も示されることがある。地質構造や地層の累重関係をわかりやすく図示するために、地質断面図や地質柱状図をつけることが多い。

 一般には、地表をごく薄く覆う土壌、火山灰、崖錐堆積(がいすいたいせき)物、沖積層などは省いて表現される。しかし、これらは農業や土木など人間の生活にとっては重要であるから、これらを中心に表現した表層地質図もある。また、土木や資源探査にとっては多少の地質時代の差よりも岩質差のほうが重要な意味をもつので、年代差を無視して岩質だけで分類した岩質図もつくられる。これも地質図の一種である。

 地質図は、普通、等高線地形図に描かれ彩色される。地質時代や岩質は色と模様で区別して示される。退色に備えて略号を付記することも多い。したがって、地質図には色、記号、模様などの意味を示す凡例(はんれい)をかならずつける。これらには国際的な取り決めや慣例がある。色の例をあげれば、白亜紀層は緑系統、新生代層は黄色系統などとなっており、古い時代ほど濃い色を使う。岩質についても酸性火成岩類は赤系統、石灰岩は青系統などといった決まりもある。論文付図のように単色刷りの場合には地形は省略される。

 なお、地質図はその縮尺によって、表現される地質の内容や精度も異なるから、注意を要する。たとえば、200万分の1日本地質図のような小縮尺の地質図では中央構造線のような大断層も省略されることがある。

[岩松 暉]

[参照項目] | 地質 | 地質断面図 | 地質柱状図 | 地質調査
地質図、地質断面図、地質柱状図
©Shogakukan">

地質図、地質断面図、地質柱状図


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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