Underground stem - Chikakei

Japanese: 地下茎 - ちかけい
Underground stem - Chikakei

A general term for stems that lie below ground level. They come in a variety of shapes, and are given a number of names accordingly. Some rhizomes are easily mistaken for roots, but they can be identified as stems by characteristics such as the presence of leaves or traces of leaves, the fact that they branch externally, and the arrangement of vascular bundles that differs from that of the radial columns of roots. Rhizomes are often rich in stored nutrients, and their functions include allowing plants to survive in adverse above-ground conditions, such as winter, and helping with vegetative propagation.

A lump-like or spherical swelling is called a tuber or corm, and although it is strictly impossible to distinguish between the two, generally speaking, a corm grows in contact with the parent plant, has a vertical axis, and sprouts only from the top, as in taro, while a tuber has a long slender stalk, grows sideways, and has several buds, as in potatoes and Jerusalem artichokes. A similar thing is a bulb. In horticulture, this is called a bulb along with corms, but a bulb has a stem that does not develop much and has many fleshy, scaly leaves around it. Therefore, most of the volume of a bulb is taken up by leaves. Examples of bulbs include lilies, tulips, and onions. A rhizome is a thing that crawls horizontally underground and has an appearance similar to a root. When it comes to rhizomes, it can be difficult to draw a clear line between creeping stems that crawl on the ground and climbing stems that attach to the surface of rocks or trees. Rhizomes are found in many angiosperms, such as bamboos, bindweed, and Houttuynia cordata, and are extremely common in ferns. Even when the underground stems of ferns are short and upright, such as those of fern, they are generally called rhizomes.

[Fukuda Taiji]

Taro corm
The stems barely grow, remain underground, and swell to become potatoes. The baby potatoes grow in clusters around the parent potato. ©Shogakukan ">

Taro corm

Potato tubers
Potatoes are swollen stems called stolon. Their shape varies depending on the variety. ©Shogakukan Photo by Okuyama Hisashi ">

Potato tubers

Onion bulb
Edible swollen bulbs. Numerous fleshy scale leaves surround the stem. They begin to swell in the spring and mature by summer. ©Seishohmaru ">

Onion bulb


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地面よりも下にある茎の総称。形はさまざまで、それに応じていくつかの名称がある。地下茎には、根と間違えやすい形のものもあるが、葉またはその痕跡(こんせき)をつけていること、外生的に分枝すること、維管束の配列が根の放射中心柱とは異なることなどの特徴によって茎であることがわかる。地下茎は貯蔵養分に富むことが多く、働きとしては、冬などのように地上が悪環境のときに生き残れること、および栄養繁殖に役だつことがあげられる。

 塊状または球状に膨れたものを塊茎または球茎といい、両者の区別は厳密には不可能だが、概していえば、球茎はサトイモなどのように母体に接して生じ、軸が垂直で、頂端だけから発芽するのに対して、塊茎はジャガイモ、キクイモなどのように細長い柄があって横向きに生じ、数個の芽をもつ。類似のものに鱗茎(りんけい)がある。これは園芸上では球茎などとともに球根とよばれたりしているが、鱗茎は茎があまり発達せずに、その周りに多肉の鱗片葉が多数ついている。したがって、鱗茎の体積の大部分は葉によって占められている。鱗茎にはユリ、チューリップ、タマネギなどの例がある。地中を横にはうなどして根に似た外観を示すものを根茎という。根茎では、地表面をはう匍匐(ほふく)茎、岩や樹木の表面に付着するよじ登り茎などとの間に明確な一線を引くことは困難な場合もある。根茎はタケ類、ヒルガオ、ドクダミなど被子植物にも多くの例があるほか、シダ類にはきわめて普通にみられる。ゼンマイのように短くて直立する場合でも、シダ類の地下茎は一般に根茎とよばれることが多い。

[福田泰二]

サトイモの球茎
茎はほとんど伸びず地中にあり、肥大していもとなる。親いもの周囲に子いもが群生する©Shogakukan">

サトイモの球茎

ジャガイモの塊茎
いもは匐枝とよばれる茎が肥大したもの。形は品種によりさまざまである©Shogakukan 撮影/おくやまひさし">

ジャガイモの塊茎

タマネギの鱗茎
食用となる肥大した鱗茎。多肉の鱗片葉が茎の周りに多数ついている。春ごろから肥大し始め、夏までに成熟する©Seishohmaru">

タマネギの鱗茎


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