District heating and cooling - Chiikireidambou

Japanese: 地域冷暖房 - ちいきれいだんぼう
District heating and cooling - Chiikireidambou

District heating and cooling is a system in which heat transfer media such as steam, hot water, and cold water are supplied through pipes from a centralized heat source plant, rather than providing heat sources for heating, cooling, and hot water in individual buildings. This system is distinguished from district heating in the absence of air conditioning.

The advantages of district heating and cooling include: (1) efficient use of energy through large-scale heating equipment; (2) prevention of air pollution; (3) safe use of energy; (4) space savings in individual buildings; and (5) overall labor savings in maintenance and management.

[Harunori Yoshida]

history

District heating was invented in the 1830s by British scientist Brunel to prevent air pollution caused by smoke emitted from individual homes, but the first large-scale example of a city-wide system was in Zurich, Switzerland (1872). After World War II, it was adopted by many European cities during the reconstruction efforts following the war and became widespread. Large-scale examples include those in Paris and New York, where the total length of the pipes is over 100 kilometers.

Meanwhile, district heating and cooling is said to have been first adopted in Washington, D.C., USA, for a group of buildings requiring heating and cooling (1938).

In Japan, full-scale implementation of district heating began in the 1970s, with Sapporo City being the most well-known example of district heating and cooling, while the Senri Central District Center, Shinjuku New City Center, and Senboku New Town are well-known examples.

[Harunori Yoshida]

structure

Large boilers and chillers are installed in the heat source plant to heat and cool a heat transfer medium (medium that carries heat) and supply it to each building. Heat transfer mediums used are steam and high-temperature water for heating and hot water, and cold water for cooling. Supply pipes are buried underground or installed in common conduits, with separate installations for hot and cold water. The pipes require sufficient measures against corrosion, thermal expansion, and insulation, so the equipment costs are high.

[Harunori Yoshida]

Conditions

The conditions for district heating and cooling to be viable are that it is fully utilized and that there is a considerable concentration of supply destinations. In Northern Europe and Russia, where the cold climate makes heating unavoidable, utilization efficiency is high and there are many examples of district heating systems being installed. In warm climates like Japan, where both cooling and heating are necessary but utilization efficiency is low, it is difficult to make profitable and so the system has not become widespread. Another factor preventing widespread use is the lack of sufficient supply destinations when systems are first installed, and the low investment efficiency. For this reason, there are also examples of systems being installed that use exhaust heat from waste incinerators and factories to obtain a cheap energy source. When installing district heating and cooling systems, it is also necessary to take into account social constraints, such as gaining the understanding of local residents.

[Harunori Yoshida]

"Regional Heating and Cooling of the World" edited by the Society of Urban Environmental Engineers (1975, Japan Industrial Newspaper Co.)""Heat-Conditioning and Sanitary Engineering Handbook II: Air Conditioning Edition" edited and published by the Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning and Sanitary Engineers of Japan (1981)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地域冷暖房とは、個々の建物に冷暖房および給湯用の熱源を設けず、一か所に集中した熱源プラントから蒸気、温水、冷水などの熱媒を配管で供給するシステムをいい、冷房のない場合を地域暖房として区別する。

 地域冷暖房の利点には、(1)大規模な熱源機器を用いたエネルギーの効率的利用、(2)大気汚染の防止、(3)エネルギーの安全利用、(4)個々の建物のスペースの節減、(5)保守、管理における全体的な省力化、などがある。

[吉田治典]

歴史

地域暖房は、イギリスのブルーネルBrunelにより、個々の住宅から排出される煤煙(ばいえん)による大気汚染を防止する目的で1830年代に考案されたが、都市全域を対象とした最初の大規模な例は、スイスのチューリヒのものである(1872)。第二次世界大戦後は、ヨーロッパの戦災復興の際に多くの都市で取り入れられ大々的に普及した。大規模な例としては、パリ、ニューヨークのものがあり、配管の総延長は百数十キロメートルに及ぶ。

 一方、地域冷暖房は、アメリカ、ワシントン市において、冷暖房を必要とするビル群に対し、初めて採用されたといわれる(1938)。

 わが国における本格的な実施は1970年代になってからで、地域暖房としては札幌市のものが、地域冷暖房としては千里中央地区センター、新宿副都心、泉北ニュータウンなどが著名である。

[吉田治典]

構造

熱源プラントに大型のボイラー・冷凍機を設置し、熱媒(熱を運ぶ媒体)を加熱・冷却して個々の建物に供給する。熱媒には、暖房・給湯用として蒸気・高温水が、冷房用として冷水が用いられる。供給用の配管は地中に埋設、もしくは共同溝に設置され、冷・温それぞれ別に設けられる。配管には十分な腐食、熱膨張、断熱対策を必要とするため、設備費用が高価である。

[吉田治典]

成立条件

地域冷暖房は、十分に利用され供給先がかなり集中していることが成立条件となる。暖房が不可避な寒冷な気候の北欧、ロシアでは利用効率が高く、地域暖房の設置例が多くみられる。わが国のように温暖な気候の場合には、冷房・暖房ともに必要で、そのわりには利用効率が低いため、採算をとるのがむずかしく普及が進んでいない。また、設置当初には十分な供給先がなく、投資効率が悪いことも普及を阻害している一因である。このため、安価なエネルギー源を得るため、ごみ焼却場や工場の排熱を利用した設置例もある。また地域冷暖房の設置に際しては、地域住民の理解を得るなど、社会的制約も考慮する必要がある。

[吉田治典]

『都市環境工学会編『世界の地域暖冷房』(1975・日本工業新聞社)』『空気調和・衛生工学会編・刊『空気調和・衛生工学便覧Ⅱ 空気調和編』(1981)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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