Mitochondria - Mitochondria (English spelling)

Japanese: ミトコンドリア - みとこんどりあ(英語表記)mitochondria
Mitochondria - Mitochondria (English spelling)

A unique organelle found in all eukaryotic cells. The term was named by German cytologist C. Benda (1857-1933) and is the plural form of a compound word consisting of the Greek words mitos (thread) and chondros (grain). For this reason, it is also called a mitochondrion. Mitochondria in living cells are stained blue-green with a 1:500,000 dilution of Janus green B. When cultured cells are observed under a phase contrast microscope, the movement and changes in shape of mitochondria can be seen. In bacteria, mesosomes are thought to correspond to mitochondria. Most mitochondria are 0.5 micrometers in diameter and 2 to 3 micrometers long. When viewed under an electron microscope, they are sacs surrounded by a double inner and outer membrane, with pleated protuberances called cristae protruding inward from the inner membrane like the teeth of a comb. The area between the cristae is the mitochondrial matrix, which is made of a homogeneous substance. Hydrogen obtained from the substrate by the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) is split into protons (H + ) and electrons (e - ), and then the energy obtained by the electron transport system in the inner membrane is used to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) through the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are extremely important organelles as the powerhouse of cells that supplies ATP as an energy source necessary for life activities. In addition, mitochondria have functions such as taking in and storing divalent cations, generating heat from brown fat, which is common in hibernating animals, beta-oxidizing fatty acids, and synthesizing steroid hormones in the testes, ovaries, and adrenal glands. Mitochondria in steroid-producing cells have tubular or vesicular cristae.

Mitochondria have their own DNA-RNA system separate from the nucleus, synthesize structural proteins, and are capable of self-replicating. In other words, there is a hypothesis that mitochondria entered other cells as a type of microorganism (prokaryotic cell such as bacteria) early in the evolution of living organisms, and formed a symbiotic relationship with them.

[Yasushi Kobayashi]

[Reference items] | Cells | Cellular respiration
Three-dimensional diagram of a plant cell
©Masazumi Fujita ">

Three-dimensional diagram of a plant cell


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

すべての真核細胞に存在する固有の細胞小器官。この語はドイツの細胞学者ベンダC. Benda(1857―1933)の命名によるもので、ギリシア語の糸mitosと粒chondrosを意味する語の複合語の複数形である。このため、糸粒体とよぶこともある。生きた細胞のミトコンドリアは、ヤヌス緑Bの50万分の1希釈液で青緑色に染色される。培養細胞を位相差顕微鏡で観察すると、ミトコンドリアの動きや形の変化がわかる。細菌類ではメソゾームがミトコンドリアにあたると考えられる。ミトコンドリアは直径0.5マイクロメートル、長さ2~3マイクロメートルの大きさのものが多い。電子顕微鏡で見ると、内外二重の膜に包まれた袋で、内膜から内方へ向かってクリスタとよばれるひだ状の隆起が櫛(くし)の歯のように突き出ている。クリスタとクリスタの間の部分はミトコンドリアの基質で、均質な物質からなる。基質に存在するクエン酸回路(クレブス回路)により得られた水素は、プロトン(H+)と電子(e-)に分かれ、続いて内膜に存在する電子伝達系により得られたエネルギーが、酸化的リン酸化の機構により、アデノシン二リン酸(ADP)からアデノシン三リン酸(ATP)を生成させる。生命活動に必要なエネルギー源としてのATPを供給する細胞の発電所として、ミトコンドリアはきわめてたいせつな細胞小器官である。そのほか、ミトコンドリアには二価陽イオンの取り込みと蓄積、冬眠動物に多い褐色脂肪からの熱発生、脂肪酸のベータ酸化および精巣、卵巣、副腎(ふくじん)のステロイドホルモン合成などの働きがある。ステロイド産生細胞のミトコンドリアは、管状ないし小胞状のクリスタをもっている。

 ミトコンドリアは、核とは別に独自のDNA-RNA系をもち、構造タンパクを合成し、自己増殖能がある。すなわち、ミトコンドリアは生物の進化の初期に一種の微生物(細菌のような原核細胞)として他の細胞に入り込み、共生関係を生じたという仮説がある。

[小林靖夫]

[参照項目] | 細胞 | 細胞呼吸
植物細胞の立体模式図
©藤田正純">

植物細胞の立体模式図


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