Community medicine - Chiikiiryo

Japanese: 地域医療 - ちいきいりょう
Community medicine - Chiikiiryo

Medical activities aimed at maintaining the health of local residents. Within the national medical plan, the region is seen as a place where medical care is provided independently, and medical measures are carried out within the region.

History

Under the medical supply system established by the Medical Care Act (1948) and the universal health insurance system, the demand for medical care increased sharply due to the rapid aging of the population, and the continued low birth rate and the rapid increase in the number of elderly deaths due to the rapid increase in the elderly population inevitably led to a decline in population. The decline in the productive age population caused a decline in the economic growth rate, and the aging population led to a change in the disease structure. This, combined with the innovation in medical technology that began around 1985, caused medical costs to start to soar.

Japan's medical system is still "hospital-based" and has not yet become "community-based" where illnesses are addressed by the entire community. In order to change the regional medical care system to a community-based system, the first amendment to the Medical Care Act, enacted in 1985, stipulated that "medical care plans, which are the basic policy for ensuring the medical care system, shall be independently prepared by each prefecture in accordance with the actual conditions of the region," and stipulated that medical care plans be formulated based on the region. Since then, while strengthening regional autonomy, the Medical Care Act has been amended six times by 2014, and the Medical Care Act Enforcement Regulations were also amended in 2012, leading to the current system.

[Iwao Fujimasa May 19, 2015]

Medical Areas and Medical Plans

The area where medical plans are formulated and implemented is called a "medical area," with the lowest level medical area being the city, ward, town, or village, which are integrated into areas based on public health centers and are called "primary medical areas (primary medical areas)." Medical plans are to be formulated and implemented in "secondary medical areas (344 medical areas as of 2013)" which are an integration of several of these primary medical areas, and in "tertiary medical areas" at the prefectural level (Hokkaido has six medical areas, and each of the other prefectures has one medical area).

The medical plan covers "five diseases (cancer, stroke, acute myocardial infarction, diabetes, and mental illness)" that affect all residents, and "five projects (emergency medical care, medical care in times of disaster, medical care in remote areas, perinatal medical care, pediatric medical care including emergency pediatric medical care, and medical care that the prefectural governor deems particularly necessary in light of the occurrence of other diseases)" and is to determine the goals of each disease and project, as well as a system for ensuring the division of functions and collaboration between medical care facilities (medical collaboration system) according to local conditions, and to write an implementation plan.

In the area of ​​community medical care, the fifth amendment to the Medical Care Act in 2006 strengthened cooperation between medical institutions such as acute care hospitals, convalescent and chronic care hospitals, and clinics in formulating medical care plans, changed the medical care fee system, and shifted the medical care provision system to a direction centered on "home medical care." Specifically, in 2013, the "Act on the Promotion of Comprehensive Assurance of Medical Care and Nursing" (Act on the Development of Related Laws to Promote the Comprehensive Assurance of Medical Care and Nursing in Communities, Act No. 83 of 2014) decided on a system reform to provide medical care and nursing care services in an integrated manner.

The goal of home medical care is to build a comprehensive community care system that allows elderly and sick people to receive the medical and nursing care services they need in the places where they live. Prefectural governments have created "community medical plans" as part of their medical care plans, and have drawn up implementation plans and support for various projects in anticipation of 2025, when the baby boomer generation will be in their late senior years (75 years or older). This includes not only home visits and nursing care, but also home dental care and home visits by pharmacists to provide drug management guidance to home patients, and it was decided that home medical care services provided by a multi-disciplinary team would be established in each region. Prior to this, the 2012 supplementary budget increased the funds for the revitalization of community medical care. Specifically, based on the results of the model project for home medical care cooperation (home medical care cooperation base project) implemented in 2011 and 2012, it was considered important for municipalities to take the lead in promoting the supply of local medical care in cooperation with related organizations such as county, city, and ward medical associations. In 2014, it was decided that a model project (prefectural medical care cooperation coordination support demonstration project) would be implemented in nine prefectures, in which hospitals and care managers in secondary medical care areas would work together to formulate discharge support rules. Based on these results, it has been decided that from 2015 onwards, projects to promote the collaboration of home medical care and nursing care in the region will be positioned as a regional support project, and that efforts will be made in collaboration with local medical associations, etc. In the medical fee revision in 2014, the function of the attending physician will be evaluated, and evaluations will be made of clinics that provide home medical care and backup hospital beds in emergencies. Other plans include the creation of functionally enhanced visiting nurse stations, promotion of measures against bedsores and home dental care, and the establishment of a system for providing sanitary materials using pharmacies.

[Iwao Fujimasa May 19, 2015]

Emergency medical care system in the local medical system

From the beginning of the planning of the regional medical system, "emergency and holiday/nighttime medical care" was emphasized, and a hierarchical structure was created with primary, secondary, and tertiary emergency medical care systems. "Primary emergency medical institutions" treat emergency patients in outpatient care and refer them to secondary and tertiary medical institutions as necessary. This is also supported by the "Hospital on Call System (622 regions in 2013)" and "Holiday and Nighttime Emergency Centers (553 regions in 2013)." "Secondary emergency medical institutions" handle serious emergency patients who require hospitalization, and a "Hospital Group Rotation System (392 regions in 2013)" has been created to provide medical care for emergency patients who require hospitalization on a 24-hour basis. "Tertiary emergency medical institutions" provide more comprehensive and advanced medical care to serious emergency patients who cannot be treated by secondary emergency medical institutions, and are handled by "Emergency and Lifesaving Centers (226 locations in 2014)."

In 1991, the "Emergency Medical Technician System" was established. As of the end of 2013, there were 46,170 licensed emergency medical technicians, and 769 of the 770 fire departments nationwide were using the system. The activities of emergency medical technicians depend on the creation of a system (medical control system) in which doctors at emergency medical institutions provide instructions on treatment procedures, education, post-event evaluation, and the start of treatment, and efforts are being made to improve this system at the prefectural and regional levels.

With the development of these regional emergency systems, the number of emergency dispatches increased by about 50% in the 10 years from 1997 to 2007, to 5.8 million in 2012, a 1.7% increase from the previous year. The number of people with mild symptoms and the elderly being transported by ambulance increased, and now half of those transported have mild symptoms. Meanwhile, delays in finding places to transport pregnant women and a shortage of emergency pediatric hospitals began to be widely reported from around 2007, causing residents to become concerned about medical care, and various regional emergency medical centers began to be established.

In 2013, 53 pediatric emergency medical base hospitals (22 prefectures) were established to provide secondary emergency medical care, and a nationwide hotline (#8000) was established in all prefectures to address parents' concerns. In 2006, emergency medical centers began to provide pediatric intensive care units to respond to serious illnesses and injuries in children, and in 2010, pediatric emergency medical centers (8 locations) were established to accept all seriously ill pediatric patients.

"Doctor helicopters" carrying doctors for the wide-area transport of emergency patients were introduced with the passage of the "Special Measures Act on Ensuring Emergency Medical Care Using Emergency Medical Helicopters" in 2007 (as of 2013, 43 helicopters in 36 prefectures).

In order to collect and provide medical information beyond municipal boundaries, "Emergency Medical Information Centers" have been established at the prefectural level since 1977, and in 1998 the "Wide-area Disaster and Emergency Medical Information System" was created, with the aim of enabling government agencies and medical institutions to collect and provide information to each other in the event of a large-scale disaster.

[Iwao Fujimasa May 19, 2015]

Remote Area Medicine

Medical care in remote areas is also a major subsystem of the regional medical system. Since 1956, 11 "Remote Area Medical and Health Plans" have been implemented under the initiative of the national government, but from the 11th plan (2011), prefectures have been formulating plans based on national guidelines, and a system has been created for the entire prefecture to work on "remote area medical support." Areas without medical facilities, with more than 50 people living within a 4-kilometer radius of the central location, and where medical facilities are not easily accessible, are considered "doctor-free areas" (705 areas with a population of 140,000 as of 2009), but their number is decreasing. The main issues are the development of medical support organizations, medical base hospitals, clinics, and health guidance centers in remote areas, as well as the provision of mobile medical care using mobile clinic vehicles and improving residents' access to medical facilities through patient transport vehicles (boats).

[Iwao Fujimasa May 19, 2015]

"Trends in National Health" Annual Edition (Health and Welfare Statistics Association)

[Reference items] | Medical Law | Nursing care insurance system | Emergency medical technician | Emergency medical center | Remote area | Visiting nursing station | Area without doctors

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地域住民の健康の維持を目的として取り組む医療活動。国の医療計画のなかで、医療が主体的に実施される場として地域をとらえ、医療対策を地域内で完結して行う。

沿革

医療法制定(1948)による医療供給体制、国民皆保険となった医療保険制度のもとで、人口の高齢化が急速に進んだことが原因となって医療需要は急増し、低出生率の持続と高齢者人口の急増による高齢者死亡数の実質的急増は、必然的に人口の減少を招いた。生産年齢人口の減少は経済成長率の低下を引き起こし、高齢化は疾病構造の変化を招いた。これに1985年(昭和60)ごろから始まった医療技術の革新も加わり、医療費は高騰し始めた。

 日本の医療システムはいまだに「病院完結型」であり、地域全体で病気に対処する「地域完結型」にはなっていない。地域の医療提供体制を地域完結型へと変化させるため、1985年に法制化された第一次医療法改正では、「医療提供体制の確保に関する基本方針である医療計画は、各都道府県が、地域の実情に応じて主体的に作成する」として、地域を基本に医療計画を策定すると定められた。それ以降、地域の主体性を増強しつつ、2014年(平成26)までに六次の医療法改正が行われ、2012年には医療法施行規則の改正も加えられて現在に至った。

[藤正 巖 2015年5月19日]

医療圏と医療計画

医療計画を立案・実施する地域を「医療圏」とよぶが、もっとも末端の医療圏は市区町村であり、これを統合した保健所単位の地域が「初期医療圏(一次医療圏)」とされている。医療計画はこの初期医療圏をいくつか統合した「二次医療圏(2013年の時点で344医療圏)」と、都道府県単位の「三次医療圏(北海道だけ6医療圏、他は各都府県でそれぞれ1医療圏)」で立案実施することが定められている。

 医療計画の内容は、全住民に関係の深い「5疾病(癌(がん)、脳卒中、急性心筋梗塞(こうそく)、糖尿病、および精神疾患)」と、医療の確保のための「5事業(救急医療、災害時における医療、僻(へき)地の医療、周産期医療、小児救急医療を含む小児医療と、その他の疾病の発生状況に照らして都道府県知事がとくに必要と認める医療)」についてであり、地域の実情に応じて、それぞれの疾病や事業の目標、医療提供施設相互間の機能分担と業務連携を確保するための体制(医療連携体制)を定めて、実施計画の記載を行うこととされている。

 地域医療では、2006年の第五次医療法の改正で、医療計画の策定に、急性期病院、回復期・慢性期病院、診療所などの医療機関間の連携を強化するとともに、診療報酬体系を変更し、医療提供体制を「在宅医療」を中心とする方向に変更が行われた。具体的には2013年に「医療介護総合確保推進法」(地域における医療及び介護の総合的な確保を推進するための関係法律の整備等に関する法律、平成26年法律第83号)で医療・介護サービスを一体的に提供するための制度改革が決められた。

 在宅医療では、高齢で病気であっても、住み慣れた生活の場で必要な医療・介護サービスを受けられるような、地域包括ケアシステムを構築することが目標となっていて、都道府県が医療計画の一部である「地域医療構想」を作成し、団塊の世代が後期高齢者(75歳以上)になる2025年を見据えて実施計画をたて、各種の事業を支援することになった。そのなかには訪問診療・看護のみならず、訪問歯科診療や薬剤師による在宅患者訪問薬剤管理指導等の多職種による在宅医療の提供サービスをそれぞれの地域で整備することが決められ、これに先だって、2012年度補正予算で地域医療再生資金の積み増しが行われた。具体的には、2011・2012年度で実施された在宅医療連携のモデル事業(在宅医療連携拠点事業)の結果をもとに、市町村が中心となって郡市区医師会等関係団体と連携しながら地域医療供給を進めることが重要視された。2014年には二次医療圏単位の病院とケアマネージャーとで退院支援ルールの策定等を行うモデル事業(都道府県医療介護連携調整支援実証事業)を9府県で実施することが決められている。この結果等を踏んで、2015年以降、地域で在宅医療・介護の連携を推進する事業を地域支援事業に制度的に位置づけ、地域の医師会等と連携しながら取り組む方向が決められている。2014年の診療報酬改定では、主治医機能を評価し、在宅医療を行う診療所や緊急時における後方病床の評価を行うことが図られた。そのほかに機能強化型訪問看護ステーションの創設、褥瘡(じょくそう)(床ずれ)対策や在宅歯科医療の推進、薬局を利用した衛生材料等の提供体制の整備も計画されている。

[藤正 巖 2015年5月19日]

地域医療システムの救急医療体制

地域医療システムのなかでも、その計画の初期から「救急、休日夜間医療」は重視され、初期、二次、三次救急医療体制と階層化した構造がつくられてきた。「初期救急医療機関」は外来診療で救急患者の処置を行い、必要に応じて二次・三次の医療機関を紹介する。これには「在宅当番医制度(2013年、622地区)」と「休日夜間急患センター(2013年、553地区)」も対応している。「二次救急医療機関」は、入院治療を必要とする重症の救急患者を取り扱うが、24時間体制で入院の必要な救急患者の医療を行う「病院群輪番制度(2013年、392地区)」がつくられている。「三次救急医療機関」は二次救急医療機関で対処できない重篤な救急患者に対して、さらに高度な医療を総合的に提供するもので、「救命救急センター(2014年、226か所)」が担当している。

 1991年(平成3)には「救命救急士制度」が整備された。2013年末の免許登録者数は4万6170人で、全国770消防本部のうち769本部で運用されている。救急救命士の活動は、救急医療機関の医師等によって、処置手順・教育・事後的な評価・処置開始の指示を行う体制(メディカルコントロール体制)の作成が重要となっており、都道府県単位と地域単位で取組みの充実が図られている。

 これらの地域救急体制の整備が行われ、救急出動件数は1997年から2007年の10年間で約5割も増加し、2012年には580万件と前年比1.7%の増加がみられた。軽症者や高齢者の救急搬送が増加し、搬送者の半数は軽症者というのが現状となった。一方、妊産婦の搬送先の受入れの遅れや、小児救急医療病院の不足が2007年ごろより大々的に報道されるようになり、住民の医療への不安が発生するに至り、各種の地域救急医療センターが設立され始めた。

 「小児救急医療拠点病院(2013年、53か所、22県)」による二次救急医療の確保や、保護者の不安に対する全国共通の相談電話窓口(#8000)が全都道府県に開設された。重症の子どもの病気やけがに対応するため、2006年から救急救命センターに小児の集中治療室が整備され始め、2010年からすべての重篤な小児患者を受け入れる体制として、「小児救命救急センター事業(2013年、8か所)」が開設された。

 広域救急患者搬送のための医師の乗った「ドクターヘリコプター」は、2007年の「救急医療用ヘリコプターを用いた救急医療の確保に関する特別措置法」の成立によって、導入されている(2013年、36道府県、43機)。

 市町村の区域を越えた医療情報の収集と提供を行うためには、1977年より「救急医療情報センター」が都道府県を単位として整備され、1998年からは、大規模災害のときに行政や医療機関相互に情報の収集と提供を行う目的も含めて、「広域災害・救急医療情報システム」がつくられている。

[藤正 巖 2015年5月19日]

僻地医療

僻地医療も地域医療システムの一つの大きなサブシステムである。1956年から11次にわたる「へき地医療保健計画」が国の主導で実施されてきたが、第11次計画(2011)からは国の策定指針に基づいて都道府県が策定し、県全体で「へき地医療支援」に取り組む仕組みづくりが行われるようになった。医療機関のない地域で、地域の中心的な場所から半径4キロメートルの区域内に50人以上が居住していて、医療機関が容易に利用できない地区を「無医地区(2009年の時点で705か所、居住人口14万人)」としているが、その数は減少傾向にある。おもな事項は、僻地の医療支援機構・医療拠点病院・診療所・保健指導所の整備にあり、さらに巡回診療車での巡回医療や、患者輸送車(艇)による住民の医療機関へのアクセスを改善することが行われている。

[藤正 巖 2015年5月19日]

『『国民衛生の動向』各年版(厚生統計協会)』

[参照項目] | 医療法 | 介護保険制度 | 救急救命士 | 救命救急センター | 僻地 | 訪問看護ステーション | 無医地区

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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