A social plan that aims to unlock the potential of a region. A pioneering example of this is the TVA, which was part of the New Deal policy that is said to have saved America from the Great Depression. In many cases, the main actors and driving forces behind development and planning are government or corporations, and in Japan in particular there is little involvement or participation from residents. [Kyōichi Sonoda] Resource-oriented stageRegional development began to be seriously addressed in Japan during the process of economic reconstruction after the Second World War, particularly after the enactment of the National Comprehensive Development Law in 1950. This was because, faced with the reality of the loss of colonies and the shrinking of territory following defeat in the war, the path to economic recovery was sought through the development of the domestic market and underdeveloped regions. [Kyōichi Sonoda] The Industrial Development-centered StageHowever, as Japan's economic recovery progressed, particularly from the second half of the 1950s onwards, the emphasis of regional development policies shifted to the development of industrial infrastructure, such as securing and expanding roads, ports, and industrial water supplies, which were more directly related to the economic activities of large corporations. [Kyōichi Sonoda] The stage of regional disparity correctionIn 1960, the Ikeda Hayato Cabinet put forward a plan to double the national income and launched a high economic growth policy, which on the one hand triggered a boom in corporate capital investment, which created urban problems due to overcrowding and intensified population concentration in existing industrial areas, while on the other hand exacerbated the problem of regional disparities, such as a sudden decline in population and falling income in rural areas.It was against this background that a comprehensive national development plan was drawn up in 1962, which placed emphasis on restricting factories in overcrowded areas and developing regional cities, and its centerpiece was the New Industrial City Construction Promotion Law, which aimed to build new industrial cities in areas other than existing industrial zones. [Kyōichi Sonoda] Stages of measures against overcrowding and depopulationHowever, the measures taken to correct regional disparities were not aimed at boosting low-productivity industries such as agriculture, fishing, and local industries, but rather at further developing and strengthening so-called growth industries such as oil and steel, dispersing them, and absorbing the population there, in an attempt to correct regional disparities and eliminate excessive concentration of industry through these means. As a result, cooperation from large companies and the financial world, which prioritize profitability, efficiency, and competition, was not obtained, and the concentration of companies, especially growth companies, in the coastal industrial zones around large cities progressed further. As a result, environmental problems and other issues in those areas continued to worsen. [Kyōichi Sonoda] The large-scale project stageFollowing the failure of the New Industrial City Policy, the new trend in regional development policy was the redevelopment of large cities, with the assumption that businesses and population would be concentrated even more in those cities, and a shift to the development of metropolitan areas. The culmination of these efforts was the New Comprehensive National Development Plan (Shin-Zenso) of 1969. This plan was based on the assumption that people and industries would be concentrated in the three major metropolitan areas, and sought to connect each region of Japan to the big cities by concentrating urban functions there and establishing and expanding means of transportation and communication, and was said to be a network-based plan replacing the hub development method. [Kyōichi Sonoda] The Stabilitarian StageHowever, the distortions of the high economic growth became even greater, and the country entered a period of low economic growth after that, and in 1979 the Third Comprehensive National Development Plan (3rd Comprehensive National Development Plan) was drawn up with the aims of settling the population in rural areas, making use of limited resources, and creating an environment in harmony with nature. Furthermore, the Fourth Comprehensive National Development Plan (4th Comprehensive National Development Plan) is currently being drawn up to serve as a guideline for national land development in the 21st century, in response to the aging of the population, urbanization, and internationalization. [Kyōichi Sonoda] "Kyōichi Sonoda, 'Community Theory' (1969, Nippon Hyoronsha)" ▽ "Kenichi Miyamoto, 'Social Capital Theory' Revised Edition (1976, Yuhikaku)" [Reference item] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地域の潜在的可能性を開くことを掲げる社会的計画。その先駆的な例としては、アメリカの大恐慌を救ったとされるニューディール政策の一環としてのTVAなどがあげられる。開発や計画の主体や推進力としては、行政や企業体が中心となることが多く、とりわけ日本では住民の関与や参加は少ない。 [園田恭一] 資源開発中心主義の段階日本において地域開発ということが本格的に取り組まれるようになったのは、第二次世界大戦後の経済再建の過程、とりわけ1950年(昭和25)の国土総合開発法の制定以降の時期であった。それは、敗戦による植民地の喪失、領土の縮小という現実を前にして、その経済的復興の道が国内市場の発展や後進地域の開発に求められたからでもあった。 [園田恭一] 工業開発中心主義の段階しかし、日本の経済復興が進むなかで、とりわけ1950年代の後半以降となると、地域開発政策の重点も、大企業の経済活動に、より直接の関係をもつ道路、港湾、工業用水の確保や拡充といった産業基盤の整備に向けられるようになってきた。 [園田恭一] 地域格差是正主義の段階1960年に池田勇人(はやと)内閣が国民所得倍増計画を前面に掲げ、高度経済成長政策を打ち出すに及んで、それは一方での企業の設備投資ブームをよんで、既存の工業地帯の過密や人口集中の激化による都市問題を生み、他方では農山村地帯での人口の急減や所得の低下などの、いわゆる地域格差の問題をさらに激しいものとすることとなった。過密地域の工場抑制と地方都市の開発を重点とした全国総合開発計画が62年に策定されるようになったのは、このような背景があったからであり、その目玉として打ち出されたのが、既存の工業地帯以外の地域に政策的に新しい産業都市を建設するという新産業都市建設促進法であった。 [園田恭一] 過密・過疎対策の段階しかしながら、そこで地域格差を是正するためにとられた方策は、農漁業とか地場産業などといった生産力の低い産業を引き上げるというのではなく、石油や鉄鋼などのいわゆる成長産業をさらに育成強化し、それを分散させ、そこに人口を吸収したり、あるいは、それらを通して地域格差の是正と産業の過度集中の排除を進めようとするものであった。そのため、採算や効率や競争などを第一とする大企業や財界などの協力が得られず、企業とりわけ成長企業の大都市周辺の臨海工業地帯への集中はさらに進行した。そしてそれらの地域での環境問題などの事態は、ますます深刻化する方向に進んだのである。 [園田恭一] 大規模プロジェクト主義の段階新産業都市政策の挫折(ざせつ)した後を受けての地域開発政策の新しい動向は、企業や人口のよりいっそうの大都市への集中を前提としたうえでの大都市の再開発であり、大都市圏の整備への転換であった。そしてこれらの総仕上げともいえるのが、1969年の新全国総合開発計画(新全総)であった。この計画は、三大都市圏への人や産業の集中を前提として、そこに都市機能を集中させ、そして他方、交通・通信手段を確立し、大規模化することによって、日本の各地方を大都市に結び付けていこうとするものであり、それは拠点開発方式にかわるネットワーク方式の計画であるといわれた。 [園田恭一] 安定政策主義の段階しかし、経済の高度成長のひずみはさらに大きなものとなり、またその後の低成長経済時代を迎えて、1979年には、人口の地方定住化、限られた資源の活用、自然との調和のとれた環境づくりを目ざした第三次全国総合開発計画(三全総)が策定された。さらに、人口の高齢化、都市化、国際化に対応するということで、21世紀を展望した国土づくりの指針とするという第四次全国総合開発計画(四全総)の策定が現在進められている。 [園田恭一] 『園田恭一著『地域社会論』(1969・日本評論社)』▽『宮本憲一著『社会資本論』改訂版(1976・有斐閣)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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