Oze - Oze

Japanese: 尾瀬 - おぜ
Oze - Oze

Oze National Park is an area that straddles the three prefectures of Gunma, Fukushima, and Niigata, and includes Oze Lake, Ozegahara, and the surrounding mountains Hiuchigadake (2,356 meters), Shibutsu-san (2,228 meters), Ayame-daira (1,900 meters), etc. Oze National Park was separated and became independent from Nikko National Park in August 2007, but was long included in the Nikko National Park area before that. It is said to be a treasure trove of valuable plants and animals, and the entire area has been designated a special natural monument. In addition, the area centered on Ozegahara and Oze Lake is a Ramsar Convention registered wetland.

[Murakami Sadao]

Nature and Tourism

Geologically and topographically, the area is composed of igneous rocks that run through the Chichibu Mesozoic and Paleozoic layers, and volcanoes such as Mt. Hiuchigatake and Mt. Shibutsu have erupted, creating a complex topography that creates a magnificent natural landscape.

Lake Oze is a dammed lake formed when lava flows from Mt. Hiuchigatake dammed up the Numajiri River. It is 1,665 meters above sea level, has an area of ​​1.7 square kilometers, and a maximum depth of 8.5 meters. On average, it freezes over for 174 days, from November 29th to May 20th. On the north bank are marshes such as Oe Marsh and Azami Marsh, and aquatic plants have invaded from the surrounding areas, allowing you to observe the various processes involved in the formation of high-altitude marshes. Descending Sanpei Pass to the south bank of Lake Oze, the view of Mt. Hiuchigatake reflected in the lake is truly mystical. In the early Showa period, there were small boats for transporting people on Lake Oze, which in 1960 were replaced by motor boats of 5 tons or less for tourists, and five tourist boats were in service, but were discontinued in 1972 to prevent the lake from becoming polluted. Chozo hut is located on the eastern bank of the lake, and the Numajiri River flows out from the northwestern end, passing through Ozegahara and becoming the Tadami River.

Ozegahara is located west of Lake Oze, about 5km from the Miharashi crossroads at the eastern end of the plain. It is the largest highland marsh in Japan, with an elevation of around 1400m and an area of ​​about 8km2. It was originally a lake created when lava flows from Mt. Hiuchigatake dammed the Tadami River, but it was filled in by the development of alluvial fans from the surrounding areas and the invasion of plants, turning it into a flat marsh. Currently, about 400 ponds and streams, each with an area of ​​80-1200m2, dot the Ozegahara, are remnants of the lake, and the floating islands in the ponds are a truly magnificent sight. From west to east, Ozegahara is called Kamitashiro, Nakatashiro, Shimotashiro, and Akatashiro, and the Yoppi River, which flows northeast along the northern edge, merges with the Numajiri River at Nakatashiro to form the Tadami River. As it is a marshland, hikers and tourists walk on boardwalks. There are mountain huts such as Hinoematagoya and Yashirogoya at the eastern end of the plain, TEPCOgoya at the northern edge, Ryugugoya at the southern edge, and Yamanohanagoya at the western end, and there are also summer clinics at the eastern and western ends. At the mouth of the Tadami River is Hiraname Falls, and downstream is the magnificent Sanjo Falls, surrounded by rhododendrons and natural forests.

Hiuchigatake is also called Hiuchi-dake. It is a volcano made of pyroxene andesite, with four peaks. There are trailheads at the Numajiri Rest Area at the western end of Lake Oze, the Onsengoya entrance in the west, and the Oze Miikegoya entrance in the north. Even in summer, there is snow in some places, and the view from the summit is excellent. The body of Mt. Shibutsu is mainly made of olivine, and the terrain is asymmetrical, with a very steep cliff wall on the west side of the summit, but gentle on the east side. The view from the summit is excellent, and it can be said to be the twin peak of Oze along with Mt. Hiuchigatake. At the southeastern foot of Mt. Shibutsu is Hatomachi Pass (1,615 meters), which is the western trailhead of Ozegahara. Ayame-daira is narrower and smaller than Ozehara, but the landscape of the marshes and ponds is very similar.

[Murakami Sadao]

traffic

There are three routes to Oze from Gunma Prefecture: get off at Numata Station on the JR Joetsu Line, take a bus through Tokura to Oshimizu (altitude about 1,200 meters), and then walk over Sanpei Pass (Oze Pass, 1,762 meters) to Oze Lake; take a bus from Tokura to Fujimishita, walk over Fujimi Pass (1,857 meters) to Ozegahara; or go from Tokura to Ozegahara via Hatomata Pass. From Fukushima Prefecture, it is common to get off at Aizu Railway Aizu-Kogen-Ozeguchi Station or Aizu-Tajima Station, take a bus through Hiedagata to Numayama Pass (1,784 meters), and then walk to Oze Lake. Recently, 300,000 to 400,000 hikers visit Oze every year, and about 10,000 hikers visit on Saturdays in early summer.

Oze has often been debated as to whether to preserve the nature or develop tourism, but the recent plan to extend the end of the road from Oshimizu to get closer to Lake Oze was not approved, so a boardwalk was built in the Oze Plains, and in 1966 the Committee for the Protection of Cultural Properties (now the Agency for Cultural Affairs) built the Gunma Prefecture Oze Management and Conservation Center (renamed Gunma Prefecture Oze Yamanohana Visitor Center in 1991) and a research and demonstration garden in the Yamanohana area at the western edge of the Oze Plains. In 1972, Gunma Prefecture adopted the Oze Charter, pledging to love and protect the nature of Oze and pass it on to future generations. In 1987, the Environment Agency (now the Ministry of the Environment) and the three prefectures of Gunma, Fukushima, and Niigata launched the Nikko National Park Oze District Conservation Promotion Liaison Council, and in 1995 the Oze Conservation Foundation was established. In this way, the national government and the three prefectures are working hard to protect the nature of Oze, particularly by abandoning plans to build tourist roads and develop power sources. In August 2007, the Oze region, which had been designated as part of Nikko National Park, was combined with the areas around Aizu-Komagatake, Mt. Tashiro, and Mt. Taishaku to create the new Oze National Park. Oze National Park now includes areas of Tochigi Prefecture in addition to the three prefectures mentioned above.

[Murakami Sadao]

Creatures of Oze

Oze is blessed with a rich and varied topography, including high mountains, rivers, lakes, waterfalls, and marshes, and is said to be a treasure trove of living things due to its high precipitation, which makes it a rich biota. Ozegahara, surrounded by a vast primeval forest of evergreen and coniferous trees, is the largest mountain marsh in Japan. Ozegahara has high, intermediate, and low marshes, and 140 species of plants live in different habitats, mainly depending on the moisture conditions. Diverse plant communities have formed in the numerous ponds and floating islands scattered throughout the marsh, and on the banks of the meandering river. Many types of alpine plants grow on Mt. Hiuchigatake and Mt. Shibutsu, and flower fields have developed on Mt. Shibutsu, where the tree line is particularly clear. This natural environment, combined with the beautiful scenery that changes with the seasons, has led to a large number of visitors in recent years, and environmental destruction has become a problem. Because this marshland vegetation has developed over thousands of years in a region with low temperatures, poor nutrition, high humidity, and acidity, it is subject to extensive destruction by trampling, and once the land has been stripped bare, it is extremely difficult to restore it, even with the construction of boardwalks and restoration work. Changes in the flora that accompany the destruction of nature will affect the fauna, causing animals to lose their habitat. This will make the conservation of Oze's nature an even more important issue.

[Mitsuaki Katayama]

Next, we will provide an overview of the biota that characterizes Oze, divided into flora and fauna.

[Shigetoshi Okuda]

Flora

Oze is a treasure trove of plants, and at the same time, it is also home to an extremely diverse range of plant communities. Even just looking at the herbaceous wetland communities that characterize the Oze wetlands, there is a wide variety of communities, including high moors, intermediate moors, low moors, vegetation around ponds and flowing water, and tall herbaceous plant communities along the watershed forests (such as Japanese elm forests) that run along flowing water.

The high moors of Ozegahara are most well developed in Nakatashiro, where they grow in the center of the marsh and around the ponds. The high moors develop on Sphagnum peat and are characterized by Sphagnum arborescens, Sphagnum pallidum, Cranberry, Rhododendron gracilis, and Scutellaria quinquefolia, and there are 15 to 16 known community units, including the Sphagnum arborescens-Sphagnum arborescens community (small convex area), the Sphagnum arborescens-Sphagnum pallidum community, and Scutellaria quinquefolia-Calix serrata community (small depression area). The intermediate moors are distributed in Shimodashiro and Kamitadashiro, and have developed widely, surrounding the high moors. It is composed of many plants such as Carex holly, Swamp grass, Carex yachikawazusuge, Hemerocallis day sedge, Carex serrata, Kotsumatorisou and Yachiwa, and is organized into two or three community units such as the Carex holly-Swamp grass community and the Water daisy-Swamp grass community. Plants that color Oze's four seasons, such as Tiger lilies, Hemerocallis day sedge and Water daisy, grow mainly in the intermediate marshes. Low marshes develop mainly in marshes where inorganic water rich in nutrients flows in, such as at the foot of mountains or near flowing water. Emerged grasslands and large sedge communities such as reed communities, Large-leaved Swamp grass community and Narrow-leaved Swamp grass-Black-flowered Swamp grass community grow here. Adjacent to the low-lying marshland, marsh marigold and skunk cabbage communities grow in a belt along the mineral water flow, best characterizing Oze in early summer. Colonies of Vallisneria and Horsetail and Baikamo grow in the clear stream. Also, in the ponds in the marshland, colonies of Watercress, which show an isolated distribution, can be seen. Around the edges of the Japanese elm and Japanese walnut forests in the watershed forest, communities of Nodake and Sesame Seedweed growing up to 2 meters high grow.

The marshes of Oze have been severely damaged by the influx of tourists. As marsh vegetation grows in harsh conditions, it is highly vulnerable to human trampling and water pollution. The destruction of marsh vegetation due to human intrusion proceeds in the following manner. First, high-altitude marsh species such as Sphagnum moss decline the most rapidly. Then, species that once only grew in small numbers, such as Carex moniliforme and Carex yachikawazusuge, increase, upsetting the balance of species that compose the marsh community. As trampling becomes more severe, plantain and rushes, which were previously absent in the marsh at all, invade, and the marsh is finally left bare. Various phases of community regression can be observed along the boardwalk. Although various research and experiments have been conducted on vegetation restoration, the reality is that restoring high-altitude marshes is extremely difficult.

[Shigetoshi Okuda]

Fauna

The fauna of Oze generally has subalpine characteristics and is similar to that of the mountains of the Tohoku region. Supported by a rich flora, the area is rich in both the number and abundance of species. Mammals include the Asiatic black bear, the Japanese wood marten, and the Tohoku hare, while the highlands are home to the Japanese serow and the ermine.

There are over 100 recorded bird species. The common winter bird, the black bunting, lives here all year round, and the area is also known as a breeding ground for mallards, mandarin ducks, and Japanese bush warblers. House martins nest in the mountain huts and can be seen flying in flocks. There are also large populations of robins, Japanese bush warblers, and Japanese bush warblers. Amphibians that can be seen include the Japanese green tree frog, the Tago frog, the Japanese giant salamander, the Japanese black salamander, the Tohoku salamander, and newts. The Japanese green tree frog, famous for laying its eggs in trees, lays its eggs in the sphagnum moss on the edges of the ponds that dot the marshes of Ozegahara. There are many rock chars in the rivers of Oze Lake and Ozegahara, and the Japanese minnow can also be seen.

Dragonflies are abundant among insects, with 40 recorded species, including highland and northern species such as the Karakanateto dragonfly, Ozeito dragonfly, White-faced dragonfly, Ancient dragonfly, and Ancient dragonfly. The White-winged dragonfly is a southern species, but is known to be abundant in Ozegahara. Heike fireflies can also be seen in Ozegahara. Towada stoneflies, which live in the cold waters of mountain streams, are found up to the summit of Mt. Shibutsu. Planarians include the Japanese planarian, the Miyama planarian, and the Kazume planarian, with the Kazume planarian found up to the highest altitudes. In recent years, the construction of roads has progressed and the number of visitors has increased dramatically, gradually changing the fauna of Oze. The dominant species in the zooplankton fauna of Lake Oze has shifted from crustaceans to rotifers, and the number of tubifex and larvae of midges has increased. The number of Latham's snipe has decreased in Ozegahara, and instead the numbers of carrion crows and starlings have increased. In addition, the brown rat has invaded. Another sign of this is the sharp decline in the number of red-tailed dragonflies, once known as a feature of Ozegahara.

[Mitsuaki Katayama]

"Report of the Ozegahara Comprehensive Academic Survey Group, compiled by the Ozegahara Comprehensive Academic Survey Group (1954, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science)""Oze" by Hirano Choei and Kawasaki Takaaki (1959, Fukumura Shoten) " ▽ "Vegetation of Ozegahara by Miyawaki Akira and Fujiwara Kazue (1970, National Parks Association)""Oze Nikko" by Okumura Togyu ​​(1977, Mainichi Shimbun)""Plants of Oze by Hori Shoichi (1981, Kodansha)""Oze Field Watching" by Takeda Ryohei (1987, Soshisha)""Oze and Kinunuma by Takeda Hisayoshi (1996, Heibonsha)""Oze Nature Observation Guide, revised 2nd edition, by the Oze Conservation Foundation (2003, Yama-to-Keikoku-sha)""Takada Kenichi's 'Naturalist Course to Know the Oze Forest -- The Unknown Great Nature of Minami-Oze' (2006, Yama-to-Keikoku-sha)""Ikari Takashi's 'Oze Plant Handbook' (2006, JTB Publishing)"

[References] | Floating Islands | Oze National Park | Mt. Shibutsu | Nikko National Park | Mt. Hiuchigatake
Oze (Gunma Prefecture side)
Shibutsu can be seen from Ushiku, which separates Kamitashiro and Nakatashiro in Ozegahara. Ozegahara is the largest highland marsh in Japan, covering an area of ​​approximately 8km, and is well known for its colonies of Asian skunk cabbage and day lilies. Oze is designated as part of Oze National Park, and the entire region is a nationally designated special natural monument. Katashina Village, Tone District, Gunma Prefecture "Oze no Sato, Katashina Village" ©Katashina Village Office, Village Development and Tourism Division ">

Oze (Gunma Prefecture side)

Lake Oze and Mt. Hiuchigatake
Oze National Park area. Fukushima Prefecture Minamiaizu District, Hinoeda Village / Gunma Prefecture Tone District, Katashina Village © Fukushima Prefecture Tourism and Products Association

Lake Oze and Mt. Hiuchigatake


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

群馬・福島・新潟の3県にまたがり、尾瀬沼、尾瀬ヶ原を中心に、それを囲む燧ヶ岳(ひうちがだけ)(2356メートル)、至仏山(しぶつさん)(2228メートル)、アヤメ平(だいら)(1900メートル)などを含む地域で、尾瀬国立公園に指定されている。尾瀬国立公園は2007年(平成19)8月に日光国立公園から分離・独立したもので、それ以前は長く日光国立公園地域に含まれていた。植物、動物など貴重なものが多く、学術上の宝庫といわれ、この地域全体が特別天然記念物に指定されている。また、尾瀬ヶ原および尾瀬沼を中心とした地域はラムサール条約登録湿地となっている。

[村木定雄]

自然・観光

地質的、地形的には、秩父中・古生層を基盤に、それを貫く火成岩類からなっており、燧ヶ岳、至仏山などの火山が噴出して、複雑な地形をつくり、みごとな自然景観をなしている。

 尾瀬沼は、燧ヶ岳の溶岩流が沼尻川(ぬまじりがわ)をせき止めてできた堰止(せきとめ)湖で、標高1665メートル、面積1.7平方キロメートル、最大深度8.5メートル。平均して11月29日から5月20日まで174日間結氷する。北岸には大江(おおえ)湿原や浅湖(あざみ)湿原などの湿原地があり、周囲からの水生植物の侵入もみられて、高層湿原形成のさまざまの過程が観察できる。三平(さんぺい)峠を降りて尾瀬沼の南岸に達し、そこからみる尾瀬沼に燧ヶ岳の映じた姿は実に神秘的でさえある。尾瀬沼には、昭和初期、人を運ぶための小舟があり、1960年(昭和35)には観光客のための5トン以下の機動船に切り換えられ、5隻の観光船が就航していたが、沼の汚れを防ぐため1972年廃止された。沼の東岸に長蔵(ちょうぞう)小屋があり、北西端から沼尻川が流出し、尾瀬ヶ原を経て只見川(ただみがわ)となる。

 尾瀬ヶ原は、尾瀬沼の西方で、原の東端の「見晴(みはらし)」の十字路まで、沼から約5キロメートル離れている。標高1400メートル内外、面積約8平方キロメートルに及ぶ日本最大の高層湿原地で、もと燧ヶ岳の溶岩流が只見川をせき止めてつくった湖であったが、周辺からの扇状地の発達や植物の侵入などで埋められ、平坦(へいたん)な湿原になった。現在、尾瀬ヶ原に点在する80~1200平方メートルの面積をもつ約400の池塘(ちとう)や細流は湖の名残(なごり)で、池塘の中に浮かぶ浮島の景観は、まことにすばらしい。尾瀬ヶ原は、西から東へかけて上田代(かみたしろ)、中田代、下田代、赤田代とよび、北縁を北東に流れるヨッピ川は、中田代で沼尻川と合流し、只見川となる。湿原地なので、登山、観光客は敷設された木道の上を歩くことになっている。原の東端に檜枝岐(ひのえまた)小屋、弥四郎(やしろう)小屋などの山小屋が、北縁に東電小屋、南縁に竜宮小屋、西端に山ノ鼻小屋などの山小屋があり、東端と西端には夏期の診療所もある。また、只見川の落ち口に平滑(ひらなめ)ノ滝、その下流にシャクナゲや天然林に囲まれた豪壮な三条ノ滝がある。

 燧ヶ岳は、また燧岳ともいう。輝石(きせき)安山岩からなる火山で、山頂は4峰からなり、登山口は尾瀬沼の西端沼尻休憩所口のほか、西の温泉小屋口、北の尾瀬御池(みいけ)小屋口などがあり、夏でも局地的に残雪がみられ、山頂からの眺望はすこぶるよい。至仏山の山体は、おもに橄欖(かんらん)石から構成され、地形は山頂部の西側はきわめて険岨(けんそ)な崖壁(がいへき)をなしているが、東側は緩やかで非対称的である。頂上からの眺望がよく、燧ヶ岳とともに尾瀬の山としては双璧(そうへき)といえる。至仏山の南東の裾合(すそあい)に鳩待峠(はとまちとうげ)(1615メートル)があり、峠は尾瀬ヶ原の西側登山口である。アヤメ平は尾瀬ヶ原より狭くて小規模であるが、湿原や池沼の景観はよく似ている。

[村木定雄]

交通

尾瀬へのコースには、群馬県からではJR上越線沼田駅下車、バスで戸倉(とくら)を経て大清水(おおしみず)(標高約1200メートル)に至り、ここから徒歩で三平峠(尾瀬峠、1762メートル)を越えて尾瀬沼に至るコース、戸倉からバスで富士見下に至り、徒歩で富士見峠(1857メートル)を越えて尾瀬ヶ原に行くコース、戸倉から鳩待峠を経て尾瀬ヶ原に行くコースがある。福島県からは、会津鉄道会津高原尾瀬口駅または会津田島駅下車、バスで檜枝岐を経て沼山峠(1784メートル)で下車し、徒歩で尾瀬沼に至るのが普通である。最近では年間30万~40万人、初夏の土曜日には1日約1万人のハイカーが尾瀬を訪れる。

 尾瀬は、自然保護か、観光開発か、いずれをとるかでしばしば論議されてきたが、最近の自動車道路終点を大清水から延長して尾瀬沼に近づけようとすることは認められず、尾瀬ヶ原に通行用の木道を設け、1966年文化財保護委員会(現、文化庁)によって、尾瀬ヶ原西端の山ノ鼻地区に群馬県尾瀬管理保護センター(1991年群馬県尾瀬山の鼻ビジターセンターと改称)と研究見本園が建設され、また1972年には、群馬県で尾瀬憲章が決定し、尾瀬の自然を愛し保護して、後世に伝えることを誓った。1987年には環境庁(現、環境省)と群馬・福島・新潟の3県で「日光国立公園尾瀬地区保全対策推進連絡協議会」を発足させ、1995年(平成7)に尾瀬保護財団を設立した。このように、とくに観光道路建設計画や電源開発計画を断念するなどして、国も3県も尾瀬の自然保護に努めている。2007年8月には、日光国立公園区域の一部として指定されていた尾瀬地域と、会津駒ヶ岳および田代山、帝釈(たいしゃく)山周辺地域を合わせて新たに尾瀬国立公園が誕生した。この尾瀬国立公園は上記3県のほか栃木県域も含むこととなった。

[村木定雄]

尾瀬の生物

尾瀬は、高い山、河川、湖沼、滝、湿原など、変化に富む地形に恵まれ、降水量が多いために生物相が豊かで、生物の宝庫とさえいわれている。なかでも、夏緑林と針葉樹林からなる広大な原生林によって囲まれた尾瀬ヶ原は、日本最大の山地湿原である。この尾瀬ヶ原には高層湿原、中間湿原、低層湿原があり、140種もの植物が、おもに水分条件の違いによってすみ分けている。湿原内に数多く点在する池塘(ちとう)や浮島、蛇行して流れる川の岸辺には、多様な植物群落が形成されている。燧ヶ岳や至仏山には多種類の高山植物が生育し、とくに森林限界線の明瞭(めいりょう)な至仏山には花畑も発達している。このように恵まれた自然と、四季ごとに移り変わる景観の美しさと相まって、近年、来訪者が多く、自然破壊が問題となっている。低温、貧栄養、高湿、酸性の地域に、数千年かかって成立した湿原植生であるため、踏圧による破壊は大きく、いったん裸地化した場合、木道の整備や復原作業を行っても、その回復はきわめて困難である。自然破壊に伴う植物相の変化は動物相に影響を与え、動物のすみ場をも失わせていく。尾瀬の自然保護はいっそう重要な課題となろう。

[片山満秋]

 次に、尾瀬を特色づけている生物相を、植物相と動物相に分けて、その概要をあげる。

[奥田重俊]

植物相

尾瀬は植物の宝庫であると同時に、植物群落もきわめて多彩である。尾瀬の湿原を特徴づける湿生草本植物群落に限っても、高層湿原、中間湿原、低層湿原、池塘や流水辺の植生、さらに流水に沿った拠水林(ハルニレ林など)沿いの高茎草本植物群落など、多様な群落がみられる。

 尾瀬ヶ原の高層湿原は中田代(なかたしろ)にもっともよく発達し、湿原中央部や池塘周辺に生育している。高層湿原はミズゴケ泥炭上に発達し、イボミズゴケ、ウツクシミズゴケ、ツルコケモモ、ヒメシャクナゲ、ホロムイソウなどで特徴づけられ、ヌマガヤ‐イボミズゴケ群集(小凸地)、ヌマガヤ‐ウツクシミズゴケ群集、オオイヌノハナヒゲ‐ヤチスゲ群集(小凹地)など15~16の群落単位が知られている。中間湿原は下田代、上田代などに分布し、高層湿原を取り囲むように広く発達している。ホロムイスゲ、ヌマガヤ、ヤチカワズスゲ、ニッコウキスゲ、サギスゲ、コツマトリソウ、ヤチヤナギなど多数の植物で構成され、ホロムイスゲ‐ヌマガヤ群集、ミズギク‐ヌマガヤ群集など2~3の群落単位にまとめられている。コオニユリ、ニッコウキスゲ、ミズギクなど、尾瀬の四季を彩る植物は、おもに中間湿原に生育している。低層湿原はおもに山麓(さんろく)部や流水辺などの、栄養塩類に富む無機水の流入する湿原に限って発達する。ヨシ群落やオオカサスゲ群集、ホソバオゼヌマスゲ‐クロバナロウゲ群集などの抽水草原や大形スゲ群落が生育している。低層湿原に接し、無機水の流水に沿ってリュウキンカ‐ミズバショウ群集が帯状に生育し、初夏の尾瀬をもっともよく特徴づけている。清流中にはセキショウモ‐スギナモ群集やバイカモ群落などが生育している。また湿原中の池塘には隔離分布を示すオゼコウホネの群落がみられる。拠水林のハルニレ林やサワグルミ林の林縁には、高さ2メートルに及ぶノダケ‐ゴマナ群落が縁どるように生育している。

 尾瀬の湿原は押し寄せる観光客によって著しく破壊されている。湿原植生は厳しい立地に生育しているため、人間の踏圧や水質汚濁などにきわめて弱い。人間の立ち入りに伴う湿原植生の破壊は、次のような道筋を通って進行する。まずミズゴケなどの高層湿原構成種がもっとも早く生育を減退する。ついでミタケスゲやヤチカワズスゲなど、かつてわずかしか生育しえなかった種が増加し、群落構成種のバランスが崩れる。さらに踏圧が激しくなると、湿原にはまったく出現していなかった人里植物のオオバコやイグサなどが侵入し、ついに裸地と化する。木道沿いには群落退行のいろいろな相が観察される。植生復原に関してさまざまな研究、実験が行われているが、高層湿原の復原はきわめて困難であるのが実情である。

[奥田重俊]

動物相

尾瀬の動物相は、一般的に亜高山帯の特性をもち、東北地方の山地と似た様相を示しており、植物相の豊富さに支えられて、生息種数や量はともに多い。哺乳(ほにゅう)類ではツキノワグマ、キテン、トウホクノウサギなどが、また高地にはニホンカモシカやオコジョなどが生息している。

 鳥類は100種以上もの記載がある。一般には冬鳥のクロジが四季を通して生息しており、マガモ、オシドリ、マキノセンニュウの繁殖地としても知られている。山小屋にはイワツバメが営巣し、群飛しているのがみられる。コマドリ、ウグイス、メボソムシクイの生息数はきわめて多い。両生類にはモリアオガエル、タゴガエル、ハコネサンショウウオ、クロサンショウウオ、トウホクサンショウウオ、イモリなどがみられる。樹上に産卵することで有名なモリアオガエルは、尾瀬ヶ原では湿原に点在する池塘(ちとう)の縁のミズゴケ内に産卵する。尾瀬沼や尾瀬ヶ原などの川にはイワナが多く、アブラハヤもみられる。

 昆虫類ではトンボが多く、40種もの記載があり、カラカネイトトンボ、オゼイトトンボ、カオジロトンボ、ムカシトンボ、ムカシヤンマなどの高地性や北方系の種が生息する。ハッチョウトンボは南方系の種であるが、尾瀬ヶ原に多産することで知られている。また、ヘイケボタルが尾瀬ヶ原でみられる。山地渓流の冷水域に生息するトワダカワゲラは、至仏山の山頂付近まで分布している。プラナリア類にはナミウズムシ、ミヤマウズムシ、カズメウズムシがみられ、カズメウズムシがもっとも標高の高い所まで分布している。近年、道路の整備が進み、来訪者の激増によってしだいに尾瀬の動物相も変化しつつある。尾瀬沼の動物プランクトン相は、甲殻類からワムシ類へと優占種が交代し、イトミミズとアカムシ(ユスリカの幼虫)が増えてきた。尾瀬ヶ原ではオオジシギが減り、それにかわってハシブトガラスやムクドリの数が増加している。また、ドブネズミの侵入がみられる。また、かつての尾瀬ヶ原の風物詩として知られたハッチョウトンボが激減しているのも、その徴候であろう。

[片山満秋]

『尾瀬ヶ原総合学術調査団編『尾瀬ヶ原総合学術調査団研究報告』(1954・日本学術振興会)』『平野長英・川崎隆章著『尾瀬』(1959・福村書店)』『宮脇昭・藤原一絵著『尾瀬ヶ原の植生』(1970・国立公園協会)』『奥村土牛著『尾瀬日光』(1977・毎日新聞社)』『堀正一著『尾瀬の植物』(1981・講談社)』『武田良平著『尾瀬フィールド・ウォッチング』(1987・草思社)』『武田久吉著『尾瀬と鬼怒沼』(1996・平凡社)』『尾瀬保護財団著『尾瀬自然観察ガイド』改訂第2版(2003・山と溪谷社)』『高田研一著『尾瀬の森を知るナチュラリスト講座――知られざる南尾瀬の大自然』(2006・山と溪谷社)』『猪狩貴史著『尾瀬植物手帳』(2006・JTBパブリッシング)』

[参照項目] | 浮島 | 尾瀬国立公園 | 至仏山 | 日光国立公園 | 燧ヶ岳
尾瀬(群馬県側)
尾瀬ヶ原の上田代と中田代を分ける牛首付近から至仏山を望む。尾瀬ヶ原は面積約8kmに及ぶ日本最大の高層湿原地で、ミズバショウやニッコウキスゲの群生地としてよく知られる。尾瀬は尾瀬国立公園に指定され、地域全体が国指定特別天然記念物となっている。群馬県利根郡片品村 「尾瀬の郷 片品村」©片品村役場むらづくり観光課">

尾瀬(群馬県側)

尾瀬沼と燧ヶ岳
尾瀬国立公園域。福島県南会津郡檜枝岐村/群馬県利根郡片品村©公益財団法人福島県観光物産交流協会">

尾瀬沼と燧ヶ岳


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