Generally, it refers to a specific part of the earth's surface, and is used synonymously with a region or district. However, the world's surface is in fact distributed in a complex manner with a wide variety of natural and human phenomena. When one of these phenomena has a unique character as a component of a region, and is homogeneous in some sense, and is different from the surrounding regions, it can be used as a criterion to determine a boundary between it and other regions. In geography, regions established in this way are called homogeneous regions or homogeneous regions. For example, deltas, black soil zones, and tropical rainforest regions are regions where natural phenomena such as topography, geology, climate, and vegetation are combined and interact with each other to form a homogeneity. Even in the case of human phenomena, as seen in the monsoon zones of Southeast Asia, the homogeneity of the natural phenomena of this region, represented by the seasonal winds, is reflected in agriculture, mainly rice farming, as well as other industries, settlements, population distribution, and the lifestyle of the inhabitants, which constitute the regional character of the region. On the other hand, in contrast to homogeneous regions, unified regions are also formed that are functionally integrated from several homogeneous regions that are adjacent to each other. Unified regions are also called nodal regions because they are connected and integrated by a center where various functions are concentrated. If we take a metropolitan area as an example, many heterogeneous homogeneous regions such as commercial areas, industrial areas, urban areas, and suburban areas are all functionally connected with a large city as a center, so in geography, such metropolitan areas are called unified or nodal regions. However, just as there are large and small cities, nodal regions also have hierarchical differences depending on the size of their functional centers, and a hierarchical structure is formed in which several small nodal regions are included within a large nodal region. The hierarchical regional structure of nodal regions was first clearly proposed by the German central place theory of Kristaller in 1933. [Takeo Oda] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般には地表上の広狭の広がりをもつ特定の部分をさすことばであり、地方あるいは地区などと同義に用いられる。しかし世界の地表上には、実にさまざまな自然的あるいは人文的事象が複雑に分布している。これらの諸事象のうち、独自性を備え、地域の構成要素としてなんらかの意味で等質的性格を有し、周辺の外部の地域とは異質的であるとき、それを基準にして、他地域との間に境界を定めることができる。このようにして設定された地域を、地理学では等質地域あるいは均質地域と称している。たとえば三角州、黒土地帯、熱帯雨林地域など、地形、地質、気候、植生などの自然的事象が複合し、相互に作用して等質性が形成された地域である。また人文現象の場合でも、たとえば東南アジアのモンスーン地帯にみられるように、季節風に代表されるこの地域の自然的事象の等質性に対応して、米作を主とする農業をはじめ、その他の産業や集落、人口分布、住民の生活様式などにも等質性が現れ、この地域の地域性が構成される。 しかし一方では、このような等質地域に対して、互いに隣接するが相異なるいくつかの等質地域を機能的に統合した統一地域も形成される。統一地域は諸機能が集中する中心によって結節・統合されるために結節地域ともよばれる。これを大都市圏をもって一例とすれば、商業地域、工業地域、市街地域、近郊地域など、それぞれ異質の多くの等質地域が、いずれも大都市を中心にして機能的に結合しているので、この大都市圏を地理学では統一地域または結節地域と称するのである。しかし都市に大小があるように、結節地域も機能的中心の大小によって階層的差異が生じ、大きな結節地域のなかに、いくつかの小さな結節地域が含まれる階層的構成が形成される。この結節地域の階層的地域構造を最初に明確に打ち出したのが、1933年のドイツのクリスターラの中心地理論である。 [織田武雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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