Tanba Province

The old name of the province that occupies the central part of Kyoto Prefecture and the eastern part of Hyogo Prefecture. It belongs to the San'in Road. In the Wamyōshō, it is written as "Taniha". At first, it included five districts in the northern part of Kyoto Prefecture, four districts in the central part of Kyoto Prefecture (Kuwata, Funai, Amada, and Ikaruga), and two districts in the eastern part of Hyogo Prefecture (Taki and Hikami). However, in 713 (Wadō 6), the five districts in the northern part of Kyoto Prefecture were separated to form Tango Province, and the name came to include six districts including Kuwata District. The inland Tamba region seems to have lagged behind the Tango region from the Jomon period to the Yayoi period, but in the late Kofun period, large-scale cluster tombs with horizontal stone chambers developed in Tamba. In the Wamyōshō, the Tamba provincial capital is described as "in Kuwata District, one day on the journey, half a day below." The Kokubunji Temple was also located in Kuwata District. Of the 71 shrines in the Tanba Province, five were designated as Myojin Taisha, including Izumo Shrine in Kuwata County, Okawatsuki Shrine, Makeno Shrine in Funai County, and two Kushiiwamado Shrines in Taki County, and Izumo Shrine was called Ichinomiya. A legend showing the connection between the powerful clans of ancient Tanba Province and the Yamato Imperial Court can be seen in the story of Otomo no Kanamura, a great minister, supporting King Yamatohiko of "Kuwata County, Tanba Province" in the Chronicles before the accession of Emperor Keitai. During the Heian-kyo period, the importance of Tanba Province, which was close to the capital, increased even more. Among the manors that were established early on were those owned by the Fujiwara clan, such as Miyata Manor and Oyama Manor in Taki County, and Kirino Maki which straddled Funai and Kuwata County, as well as the estates of Iwashimizu Hachiman Shrine, such as Kaibara Betsumiya and Yura Manor in Hikami County, and Kisaichi Manor in Ika County, as well as many other estates owned by powerful families and shrines and temples in Yamashiro and Kyoto.

During the Nanboku-cho period, they often sided with the Northern Court. The two counties of Amada and Ika were once incorporated into the districts of Tango Shugo Uesugi Tomosada, but this was abolished after Yamana Tokiuji became Shugo of Tango and Tanba as well. During this time, the Niki and Taka clans served as Shugo. After the Meitoku Rebellion (1391), the Yamana clan lost power and Hosokawa Yorimoto became Shugo. The Hosokawa clan aimed for complete control by appointing minor Shugodai and county magistrates, but this led to the outbreak of major national uprisings. After that, the shugodai (deputy governor) Naito clan became a sengoku daimyo, the Hatano clan, the minor shugodai (deputy governor) of Taki district, became independent, and the Ogino clan of Hikami district rose to prominence, but in 1579 (Tensho 7), Akechi Mitsuhide and others pacified Tamba. During the early modern shogunate and feudal domain period, there were the domains of Kameyama (Kuwata district), Sonobe (Funai district), Ayabe (Ika district), Yamaga (Ika district), Sasayama (Taki district), Kaibara (Hikami district), and Fukuchiyama (Amada district). From the 18th century onwards, each domain had its own domain school. Well-known names include the Dutch studies of Kutsuki Masatsuna, the lord of Fukuchiyama Domain, as well as Ishida Baigan (Shingaku), Yamawaki Toyo (medicine), Nonomura Ninsei (potter), and Maruyama Okyo (painter) from Tanba. The Hotsu and Yura rivers served as arteries for the transport of goods to Yamashiro and Tango, and further to the sea. After the abolition of the feudal domains and the establishment of prefectures in 1871 (Meiji 4), the Kameoka (formerly Kameyama), Ayabe, Yamaga, and Sonobe domains were incorporated into Kyoto Prefecture, while the Sasayama, Fukuchiyama, and Kashiwara domains were incorporated into Toyooka Prefecture, after which Fukuchiyama was incorporated into Kyoto Prefecture and Sasayama and Kashiwara into Hyogo Prefecture.

Known local products include Tamba chestnuts, melons, matsutake mushrooms, persimmons, and tobacco. The area has also been a thriving silkworm farming area since ancient times, and in the early modern period, Tamba thread wholesalers were established here.

[Toshio Nakajima]

"History of Hyogo Prefecture" by Tetsuhiro Yagi and Yoshito Ishida (1971, Yamakawa Publishing)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

京都府の中部と兵庫県の東部を占める旧国名。山陰道に属す。『和名抄(わみょうしょう)』には「たには」と記す。初め京都府北部の5郡、同じく中央部の桑田(くわた)、船井(ふない)、天田(あまだ)、何鹿(いかるが)の4郡、兵庫県東部の多紀(たき)、氷上(ひかみ)の2郡を含んだが、713年（和銅6）に京都府北部5郡が分立して丹後(たんご)国となってから桑田郡以下6郡をさすこととなった。内陸部の丹波地域は、縄文時代から弥生(やよい)時代にかけて丹後地域に一歩遅れた観があるが、古墳時代後期になると丹波には横穴式石室を伴う大規模な群集墳が発達した。『和名抄』には丹波国府を「在桑田郡、行程上一日、下半日」とする。国分二寺も桑田郡にあった。丹波国式内社71座のうち、桑田郡出雲(いずも)神社、小川月(おかわつきの)神社、船井郡麻気(まけの)神社、多紀郡櫛石窓(くしいわまどの)神社2座の計5座を名神(みょうじん)大社とし、出雲神社を一宮(いちのみや)と称した。古代丹波国の豪族と大和(やまと)朝廷とのつながりを示す伝承は、継体(けいたい)天皇即位前紀に大連大伴金村(おおむらじおおとものかなむら)が「丹波国桑田郡」の倭彦(やまとひこ)王を推戴(すいたい)する物語などにみられる。平安京の時代には都の近隣丹波国の重要性は一段と強まった。早く成立した荘園(しょうえん)には、多紀郡宮田荘・大山荘、船井郡・桑田郡にまたがる桐野牧(きりののまき)のごとく藤原氏の領有するもの、氷上郡柏原(かいばら)別宮・由良(ゆら)荘、何鹿郡私市(きさいち)荘のごとく石清水八幡(いわしみずはちまん)社領、そのほか山城(やましろ)・京都の権門・社寺領が多かった。

　南北朝期には、北朝方に加担することが多かった。天田・何鹿2郡は一時丹後守護上杉朝定(ともさだ)の分郡に編入されていたが、山名時氏(やまなときうじ)が丹後・丹波守護を兼任してから廃された。その間、仁木(にき)、高(こう)氏らの守護時代があった。明徳(めいとく)の乱（1391）以降、山名氏が勢力を失い、細川頼元(よりもと)が守護となった。細川氏は小守護代、郡奉行を置いて支配の全きを期したが、大きな国一揆(くにいっき)の勃発(ぼっぱつ)をみた。そののち守護代内藤氏の戦国大名化、多紀郡小守護代波多野(はたの)氏の自立化、氷上郡荻野(おぎの)氏の台頭などをみたが、1579年（天正7）明智光秀(あけちみつひで)らによって丹波は平定された。近世幕藩制時代は亀山(かめやま)（桑田郡）、園部(そのべ)（船井郡）、綾部(あやべ)（何鹿郡）、山家(やまが)（何鹿郡）、篠山(ささやま)（多紀郡）、柏原(かいばら)（氷上郡）、福知山（天田郡）の各藩があった。18世紀以降それぞれ藩校をもった。福知山藩主朽木昌綱(くつきまさつな)の蘭学(らんがく)をはじめ、丹波出身の石田梅岩(ばいがん)（心学）、山脇(やまわき)東洋（医学）、野々村仁清(ののむらにんせい)（陶工）、円山応挙(まるやまおうきょ)（画家）などの名はよく知られる。保津(ほつ)川と由良(ゆら)川は山城と丹後へ、さらに海へ通じる物産の動脈をなした。1871年（明治4）廃藩置県後、亀岡（もと亀山）・綾部・山家・園部藩は京都府へ、篠山・福知山・柏原藩はいったん豊岡(とよおか)県に編入ののち、福知山は京都府に、篠山・柏原は兵庫県に編入された。

　物産には丹波栗(ぐり)をはじめ瓜(うり)、松茸(まつたけ)、柿(かき)、煙草(たばこ)などが知られ、また古くから養蚕の盛んな地で、近世には丹波糸問屋も成立した。

［中嶋利雄］

『八木哲浩・石田善人著『兵庫県の歴史』（1971・山川出版社）』

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