Also called tannin. A common general name for a group of astringent plant polyphenols that have the property of tanning animal hides into leather. Although the concentration varies, they are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and are found in wood, bark, leaves, fruits, roots, etc., and are found in particularly high concentrations in the bark and galls (gall nuts, Chinese gallnuts) of certain trees such as beech plants and sumac. They are also found in immature fruits and seeds. The phenolic group of tannins is hydrogen-bridged with the amino group -NH2 of the peptide chain of proteins, so they bind strongly to proteins, especially collagen. They also form insoluble precipitates with alkaloids and react with iron(III) ions to form green or purple-black complex compounds. Their physiological functions within the plant body include biological defense. It is thought that this compound may bind to hydrolytic enzymes secreted by microorganisms to break down the cell walls of plants and inhibit their function, thereby preventing microbial diseases, or may bind to digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract of herbivores and inhibit their digestive function, thereby reducing damage to the herbivores. [Ryota Uehara and Issei Mabuchi] ClassificationTannins are broadly divided into hydrolyzable tannins and condensed tannins. Hydrolyzable tannins are hydrolyzed by acid, alkali, or tannase (an enzyme that breaks down tannins) to produce gallic acid, ellagic acid (a type of polyphenol with antioxidant properties), etc. Condensed tannins polymerize to produce insoluble, brown phlobaphenes (pigments). Examples include the catechins in green tea and the leucoanthocyanins in persimmon tannins, which have an astringent bitterness. This is due to the tannins binding to proteins in mucous membranes and saliva. [Ryota Uehara and Issei Mabuchi] Manufacturing methodCrude tannins are obtained by boiling gallnuts or gall nuts, removing insoluble materials, and evaporating the reddish-brown viscous liquid to dryness. They can then be extracted with an alcohol-ether mixture and refined. Some tannins have already been isolated as single substances in the form of crystals, but most are obtained as a mixture of several substances in the form of an amorphous white or light brown powder. [Ryota Uehara and Issei Mabuchi] ApplicationsTannins have a wide range of industrial uses, including in leather manufacturing, as a mordant (color fixing agent when dyeing textiles), as a paper sizing agent (anti-bleeding, moisture-proofing agent), as a rubber coagulant, and in the manufacture of blue-black ink for fountain pens. When leather is tanned, tannins bind to collagen, the main protein in animal hides, preventing it from being broken down by microorganisms. Ink is manufactured by utilizing a complex-forming reaction with iron(III) ions. Tannins are also used as gastrointestinal and antidiarrheal drugs due to their astringent action, which has anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal effects on the digestive system. [Ryota Uehara and Issei Mabuchi] FoodThe tannins contained in foods vary widely, from substances that cause astringency to pigments and bitter components. The main components are catechin and chlorogenic acid, and there are low molecular weight tannins and polymeric tannins formed by the combination of many polyphenols. These polymeric tannins are generally referred to as astringent, and are found in large amounts in persimmons and tea. Meanwhile, many vegetables and fruits, such as apples, peaches, pears, burdock, and lotus root, contain low molecular weight tannin pigments. These pigments have the property of changing color to brown, black, etc., due to the presence of enzymes and iron. Tannins are related to the flavor and color of foods. The degree of astringency and bitterness varies depending on the components of tannins. For example, tannins that are combined with gallic acid have an astringent taste, and those that are combined with chlorogenic acids have a bitter taste (e.g., caffeine tannins in coffee). Black tea, green tea, coffee, and other foods create their taste by controlling the astringency, bitterness, and color of tannins. [Tomomi Kono] "Clinical Studies of Free Radicals" edited by Yoshihiko Oyanagi and Toshikazu Yoshikawa (1990, Japanese Medical Library)" ▽ "Natural Product Chemistry" edited by Hiroshi Mitsuhashi et al. (1992, Nanzando) ▽ "Kakishibu Craft - Techniques for Dyeing with Persimmon Juice" by Masamichi Terada (2000, Kikonsha) [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |polymerization| | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
鞣質(じゅうしつ)ともいう。動物の生皮を革になめす性質をもつ一群の収斂(しゅうれん)性の植物ポリフェノールに対する慣用的総称名。濃度の差はあるが植物界に広く分布し、木部・樹皮・葉・果実・根などに含まれ、ブナ科植物やヌルデなど特定の樹木の樹皮や虫瘤(むしこぶ)(没食子(ぼっしょくし/もっしょくし)、五倍子(ごばいし))にとりわけ高濃度に存在する。また果実や種子では未熟なものに多い。タンニンのフェノール基がタンパク質のペプチド鎖アミノ基-NH2と水素架橋されるため、タンパク質、とくにコラーゲンと強く結合する。またアルカロイドと不溶性の沈殿をつくり、鉄(Ⅲ)イオンと反応して緑色または紫黒色の錯化合物を形成する性質がある。植物体内での生理機能としては、生体防御作用があげられる。微生物が植物体の細胞壁を壊すために分泌する加水分解酵素と結合し、その機能を抑えることで微生物による病害を防ぐことや、草食動物の胃腸内消化酵素と結合し、消化機能を阻害することにより食害を抑えることなどが考えられる。 [上原亮太・馬渕一誠] 分類加水分解型タンニンと縮合型タンニンに大別される。加水分解型タンニンは酸・アルカリ・タンナーゼ(タンニンの分解酵素)により加水分解され、没食子酸・エラグ酸(抗酸化作用をもつポリフェノール類の一種)などを生成する。縮合型タンニンは重合して不溶性、褐色のフロバフェン(色素)を生じる。緑茶のカテキン類や柿渋(かきしぶ)のロイコアントシアンなどがその例であり、収斂性の渋みがある。これは粘膜と唾液(だえき)のタンパク質にタンニンが結合することによる。 [上原亮太・馬渕一誠] 製法粗タンニンは、五倍子や没食子などを煮沸して不溶性物質を除いたのちの赤褐色の粘性の大きい液体を蒸発乾固して得られる。さらに、これからアルコール・エーテル混合物で抽出し、精製することができる。いくつかのタンニンはすでに単一物質として結晶状に単離されているが、多くは数種の混合物で白色ないし淡褐色の不定形粉末として得られている。 [上原亮太・馬渕一誠] 用途皮革製造用、媒染剤(織物を染める際の色留め)、紙のサイズ剤(にじみ留め、防湿剤)、ゴムの凝固剤、また万年筆のブルーブラック・インクの製造などタンニンの工業的用途は広い。皮をなめすと、獣皮のおもなタンパクであるコラーゲンにタンニンが結合し、微生物による分解が防がれる。インク製造は鉄(Ⅲ)イオンとの錯化合物形成反応を利用したものである。また、収斂作用に由来する消化器系への消炎・止瀉(としゃ)効果から胃腸薬、止瀉薬にも使われている。 [上原亮太・馬渕一誠] 食品食品に含まれるタンニンには渋味の原因物質から、色素やあくの成分まで幅が広い。カテキンやクロロゲン酸などが主成分で、多数のポリフェノール類が結合して高分子となったものと低分子のものとがある。一般に渋といわれるのはこの高分子のタンニンで、カキ、チャ類に多く含まれる。一方、リンゴ、モモ、ナシ、ゴボウ、蓮根(れんこん)など多くの野菜、果物には低分子のタンニン系色素が含まれている。これらの色素は酵素や鉄分によって褐色、黒色などに変色する性質がある。 タンニンは食品のもつ風味や色合いに関係する。タンニンの構成成分によって渋味や苦味の程度が異なる。その一例として、没食子酸が結合したタンニンは渋味があり、また、クロロゲン酸類が結合すると苦味を呈する(例、コーヒーのカフェタンニン)。紅茶、緑茶、コーヒーなどは、タンニンのもつ渋味、苦味、色調をコントロールすることによって嗜好(しこう)性をつくりだしている食品である。 [河野友美] 『大柳善彦・吉川敏一編『フリーラジカルの臨床』(1990・日本医学館)』▽『三橋博他編『天然物化学』(1992・南江堂)』▽『寺田昌道著『柿渋クラフト――柿渋染めの技法』(2000・木魂社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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