Carbon steel - tansokou (English spelling) carbon steel

Japanese: 炭素鋼 - たんそこう(英語表記)carbon steel
Carbon steel - tansokou (English spelling) carbon steel
A steel material whose main components are iron and carbon, with traces of silicon, manganese, and impurities such as phosphorus, sulfur, and copper. Its properties are largely determined by the amount of carbon. The standard structural components of carbon steel at room temperature are soft base iron ferrite (α-Fe) and hard carbide cementite (Fe 3 C). The lower the carbon content, the softer the steel will be, and the higher the carbon content, the more cementite it will be. The carbon content is approximately 2% or less; anything with more carbon than this will result in the precipitation of free graphite, making it cast iron. At 0.8% carbon, the composition is such that the homogeneous solid solution austenite (γ-Fe), which is stable at high temperatures, is eutectoid with ferrite and cementite, and the entire surface will become eutectoid pearlite (→ transformation of steel). This is called eutectoid steel; anything with less carbon than this is called hypoeutectoid steel, and anything with more carbon is called hypereutectoid steel. In addition to the structural designations, there are practical classifications based on hardness: extra-soft steel, mild steel, semi-hard steel, hard steel, and extra-hard steel. Carbon steel is significantly hardened by quenching at around 800-900°C, because the high-temperature austenite solid solution cannot be eutectoid due to rapid cooling, and becomes a non-equilibrium martensite structure. The Brinell hardness H B of ferrite, a structural component of steel, is 50-100, and that of cementite is about 820, but the composite pearlite of the two has an H B of about 225, and the H B of martensite reaches about 600-750, depending on the carbon content. The higher the carbon content, the easier it is to quench. However, martensite is brittle, so it is tempered to soften it and increase its toughness before use. Carbon steel is inexpensive and its properties can be changed widely depending on the carbon content and heat treatment, making it the most widely used metallic material. Low alloy steels, which have small amounts of nickel, chromium, molybdenum, etc. added to them to improve the mechanical properties of carbon steel, are used for the same purposes as carbon steel.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
鉄と炭素を主成分とし,ケイ素,マンガンおよび不純物リン,硫黄,銅をわずかに含む鉄鋼材料。性質はだいたい炭素量で決る。常温の炭素鋼の標準組織成分は軟らかい地鉄フェライト (α-Fe) と硬い炭化物セメンタイト ( Fe3C ) で,炭素が少ければフェライトが多くて軟らかく,炭素が多ければセメンタイトが多くて硬い。炭素量はおよそ2%以内で,これより炭素の多いものは遊離黒鉛が析出して鋳鉄になる。炭素 0.8%は,高温で安定な均一固溶体オーステナイト (γ-Fe) がフェライトとセメンタイトに共析する組成で,全面が共析組織パーライトになる (→鉄鋼の変態 ) 。これを共析鋼といい,これより炭素の少いものを亜共析鋼,多いものを過共析鋼という。この組織名称とは別に硬さによる実用区分として,極軟鋼,軟鋼,半硬鋼,硬鋼,極硬鋼の別がある。炭素鋼は 800~900℃付近からの焼入れによって著しく硬化するが,これは高温のオーステナイト固溶体が急冷のため共析できず,非平衡組織のマルテンサイトになるためである。鋼の組織成分フェライトのブリネル硬さ HB は 50~100で,セメンタイトは HB 約 820であるが,両者の合成するパーライトは HB 225程度,マルテンサイトの HB は炭素量にもよるがおよそ 600~750に達する。炭素量が多いほど焼きは入りやすい。しかしマルテンサイトはもろいので,焼戻ししてマルテンサイトを軟化させ,靭性を増してから使用する。炭素鋼は安価で,しかも炭素量,熱処理によって幅広く性質が変化するから,金属材料中最も広く使われる。炭素鋼の機械的性質を改善するため少量のニッケル,クロム,モリブデンなどを添加した低合金鋼は炭素鋼と同じ用途に用いられる。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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