This is a system whereby Parliament prosecutes and punishes public officials, such as high-ranking officials in the executive branch or judges who enjoy special status security, when they commit serious violations of legal obligations or antisocial acts. It originated in the UK and has been adopted by parliaments in other countries. In common law, it is established as a criminal procedure for the legislature to remove public officials from office. In the UK and the US, the House of Representatives acts as the prosecutor and the Senate as the judge. In the UK, if a defendant is found guilty of impeachment, the same criminal penalties as in a general trial can be imposed on the defendant, but in the US, it is limited to administrative penalties such as dismissal from office or disqualification. The Japanese Constitution only applies to judges, and an impeachment court, consisting of an equal number of prosecution committee members elected by each house, hears whether or not to remove them from office. As for national public officials, the impeachment system is only established for personnel officials. (→Public impeachment) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
行政部の高官や特別の身分保障を受ける裁判官などの公務員が重大な法律上の義務違反や反社会的な行為を犯したとき,議会がこれを訴追し,処罰する制度。イギリスで生れ,各国議会が採用している。コモン・ローにおいては立法府が公務員を罷免するための刑事手続として設けられている。イギリスやアメリカでは,下院が検察官,上院が裁判官の役割をになう。イギリスでは弾劾で有罪となった場合には一般の裁判と同様の刑事罰を被告に対して課すことができるが,アメリカでは解職や資格剥奪などの行政罰に限られる。日本国憲法においては裁判官に対してのみこの制度を採用しており,各議院において選出された同数の訴追委員で構成される弾劾裁判所が罷免の可否について審理を行う。なお国家公務員については,人事官についてのみ弾劾の制度を設けている。 (→公の弾劾 )
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