A general term for chemical reactions caused by irradiation with visible light and ultraviolet light. It refers to chemical reactions that occur when electrons in molecules are excited to a high-energy state by the absorption of light, and the initial process differs from thermal reactions in which electrons are in the ground state with the lowest energy. Photochemical reactions are characterized by their ability to synthesize products that are thermodynamically less stable than the starting system, such as distorted compounds and small ring compounds, and are also suitable for generating reactive species such as free radicals, carbenes, and nitrenes at low temperatures. Photochemical reactions occur by direct exposure to light or by photosensitization, but recently, photochemical reactions that do not use light have also become known. For example, research on firefly luminescence has shown that photoexcited carbonyl compounds are produced by the thermal decomposition of dioxane, and luminescence is observed. Photochemical reactions of organic compounds can be conveniently classified according to the type of chromophore. Alkenes, aromatic compounds, carbonyl compounds, azo and imino compounds, and nitro and nitroso compounds exhibit photoreactions specific to the chromophore when irradiated with light. For example, alkenes and aromatic compounds are excited from π (pi) bonds, while carbonyl compounds and azo compounds are excited from lone electron pairs, exhibiting unique photoreactions. They can also be classified according to the type of reaction caused by light. Examples include photoionization reactions, photodecomposition reactions, photoisomerization reactions, photosubstitution reactions, photoaddition and cyclization reactions, photodimerization and polymerization reactions, photorearrangement reactions, photooxidation and photoreduction reactions, etc. There are many known applied research projects that utilize the characteristics of photochemical reactions, and their industrial applications are wide-ranging, including silver halide and non-silver halide photography, photosensitive resins, information recording, ultraviolet absorbers and antioxidants, fluorescent brightening agents and colored fluorescent agents. [Mukai Toshio] "Kyoritsu Library 17: The Use of Photochemistry" edited by Katsumi Tokumaru (1978, Kyoritsu Publishing) " "Iwanami Lectures: Modern Chemistry 12: Light and Molecules" edited by Saburo Nagakura (1980, Iwanami Shoten) "New Organic Synthesis Reactions: Photochemical Reactions in Organic Synthesis - Focusing on Olefins and Ketones" by Wataru Ando (1983, Sankyo Publishing) Left: 2,3-Dimethyl-5,6-dicyano-norbornadiene Right: Dimethyl-dicyano derivative of quadricyclane ©Shogakukan "> Synthesis of strained compounds Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
可視光および紫外線照射により引き起こされる化学反応の総称。光の吸収により分子内の電子がエネルギーの高い状態に励起されておこる化学反応を意味し、電子のエネルギーが最低の基底状態の熱反応とは初期過程において異なる。 光化学反応の特徴としては、出発系より熱力学的に不安定な生成系、たとえば、ひずみ化合物、小環状化合物を合成することができる。また遊離基、カルベン、ナイトレンなど反応活性種を低温で生成するのにも適する。 光化学反応は直接光照射、または光増感反応によっておこるが、最近、光を用いない光化学反応も知られるようになった。ホタルの発光の研究などがそれで、たとえばジオキサンの熱分解によって光励起状態のカルボニル化合物が生成され発光が観察される。 有機化合物の光化学反応は、発色団の種類によって分類すると便利である。アルケン、芳香族化合物、カルボニル化合物、アゾおよびイミノ化合物、ニトロおよびニトロソ化合物は光照射によって発色団特有の光反応を示す。たとえば、アルケン、芳香族化合物はπ(パイ)結合から、またカルボニル化合物やアゾ化合物は孤立電子対から励起され、特有な光反応を示す。また、光によりおこる反応の型によって分類することもできる。たとえば、光イオン化反応、光分解反応、光異性化反応、光置換反応、光付加および環化反応、光二量化反応および重合反応、光転位反応、光酸化および光還元反応などがあげられる。 光化学反応の特色を生かす応用研究は、数多く知られており、たとえば銀塩および非銀塩写真、感光性樹脂、情報記録、紫外線吸収剤と酸化防止剤、蛍光増白剤と有色蛍光剤など工業的応用は広範である。 [向井利夫] 『徳丸克己編『共立ライブラリー17 光化学の利用』(1978・共立出版)』▽『長倉三郎編『岩波講座 現代化学12 光と分子』(1980・岩波書店)』▽『安藤亘著『新しい有機合成反応 有機合成における光化学反応――オレフィン,ケトンを中心として』(1983・三共出版)』 左:2,3-ジメチル-5,6-ジシアノ-ノルボルナジエン右:クオドリシクランのジメチル-ジシアノ誘導体©Shogakukan"> ひずみ化合物の合成 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Law of photochemical equivalence
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