Samanid Dynasty - Sāmān

An Iranian dynasty that ruled over Mawar al-annahr and Khorasan (875-999). Its founder was Saman Khoda, a landlord in the Balkh region. His grandson Nuh and his family gained power when they were appointed governors of Samarkand, Fergana, Herat, etc. by the Abbasid Caliph, and under the rule of the next Nasr, it grew into a state that unified control over these lands (875). At the end of the 9th century, they crossed the Syr Darya, attacked Karluk, captured the capital Talas, and at the beginning of the 10th century, they defeated the Saffarid dynasty and gained control of Khorasan. They also waged a holy war against the Turks in Central Asia, secured trade routes, and sent many Turkish slaves to the Islamic world. The capital, Bukhara, became the center of Islamic culture, and was the stage for the activities of not only Arabic but also various studies, especially literature, in the newly established modern Persian language. However, from the second half of the 10th century, they were weakened by internal conflicts, and their territory was taken by the Ghaznavid and Kara-Khanid dynasties.

[Kousuke Shimizu]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

マーワラー・アンナフル、ホラサーンを支配したイラン系王朝（875～999）。バルフ地方の一地主サーマーン・ホダーをその始祖とする。孫のヌーフら一族がアッバース朝のカリフによって、サマルカンド、フェルガナ、ヘラートなどの総督に任命されて力を得、次のナスルの代にそれらの地を統一的に支配する国家へと成長した（875）。9世紀末にはシルダリヤを越えてカルルクを撃ち、首都タラスを攻略し、10世紀初めにはサッファール朝を破ってホラサーンの支配権を得た。中央アジアのトルコ人に対しても聖戦を行い、通商路を確保し、多くのトルコ人奴隷をイスラム世界に送り込んだ。首都ブハラはイスラム文化の中心地となり、アラビア語ばかりでなく、新しく成立した近世ペルシア語による諸学、とくに文学の活動の舞台となった。しかし10世紀後半より内紛のため弱体化し、ガズナ朝、カラ・ハン朝にその領土を奪われた。

［清水宏祐］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例