Many-valued logic

Japanese: 多値論理学 - たちろんりがく(英語表記)many-valued logic
Many-valued logic
In logic that assumes the law of the excluded middle, propositions can only take two values: true or false (true = 1, false = 0). In other words, it refers to all logic that considers that propositions can take three or more values ​​(theoretically n ), as opposed to the idea that contradictory propositions cannot be true at the same time. The idea of ​​doubting the validity of the law of the excluded middle has existed for a long time (for example, Ockham), and it was J. Łukasiewicz who, inspired by Aristotle's Peri hermēnesis, made it explicit in a modern form (On the Law of Contradiction in Aristotle〈1910〉, Philosophical Notes on a Multivalued System of Propositional Calculus〈20〉). In addition, multivalued logic has a close relationship with modal logic and probabilistic logic in its interpretation, and it also has philosophical significance in showing that logic, which was thought to be highly general and immutable, and its laws are compatible.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
排中律を前提とする論理学の命題は真か偽 (真=1か偽=0) の2値しかとりえない。すなわち矛盾する命題が同時に真となることはないと考えるのに対して,命題が3つ以上 (理論的には n個) の値をとれると考える論理学全体をさす。排中律の妥当性を疑う考え方は古くからあり (たとえばオッカム) ,それをアリストテレスの Peri hermēnesisにヒントを得て現代的な形で明示化したのが,J.ルカシェビッチŁukasiewiczである (『アリストテレスにおける矛盾律について』〈1910〉,『命題計算の多値的体系についての哲学的覚え書』〈20〉) 。なお多値論理学はその解釈の仕方で様相論理学および確率論理学と密接な関係をもち,高次の一般性をもち不変であると考えられていた論理学およびその法則が互換的であることを示した点にも哲学的意義がある。

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