A Meiji-era thinker and critic. He was born on January 10, 1871, in Takabatake-cho, Nishitagawa-gun, Uzen Province (now Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture) as the second son of Saito Chikanobu, a samurai of the Shonai domain. His real name was Jiro Hayashi. At the age of two, he was adopted by his father's older brother, Takayama Kyuhei. Following the transfer of his adoptive father, a government official, he moved to Yamagata and Fukushima, and in 1886 (Meiji 19), he moved to Tokyo and enrolled in the Tokyo English School. During his short life, he changed his ideology three times: Romanticism, Japanese nationalism, and individualism. However, shortly after his death, Kuwaki Gen'yoku stated that Chogyu's "anxieties consistently touched upon one problem," and that this was "the solution to what is called the problem of life." The imprint of a new era can clearly be seen in his ever-changing intellectual journey. Chogyu, who entered the Second High School in Sendai, founded the Literary Society Magazine in 1891 with other volunteers and published several essays. Romantic motifs such as skepticism about life and a penchant for literature can already be seen in these essays. Chogyu entered the Department of Philosophy at the Imperial University in 1893 and published the novel Takiguchi Nyudo (1894). He also participated in the founding of Teikoku Bungaku (1895) with Ueda Bin and Anesaki Chofu (Masaharu Anesaki), and expressed his thoughts through Chikamatsu literature. According to him, "love" is "the greatest source of happiness in life" and "love suicide" is "the happy end of love." Chogyu became editor-in-chief of the magazine Taiyo in 1897 and eventually came to advocate "Japanese nationalism" and state supremacy. However, he maintained that "the purpose of life is happiness" and that the state is "a way to realize happiness," and thus distinguished himself from simple nationalism. In 1900 (Meiji 33), just before leaving for Europe to study, Chogyu suddenly vomited blood and collapsed. After that, his ideas changed completely from state supremacy, and he began to extoll the value of the individual over everything, in works such as "On the Aesthetic Life" (1901) and "What kind of person is Nichiren Shonin?" (1902). He praised the ideas of Nietzsche and became devoted to the strong "superman"-like individuality. This "cry of his later years" had a great influence on later generations. [Kazunori Watanabe September 16, 2016] "Takiguchi Nyudo (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Watanabe Kazuyasu, Meiji Thought History (1978/Expanded Edition, 1985, Pelican Publishing)" [References] | | | |©Shogakukan Library "> Takayama Chogyu Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
明治時代の思想家、評論家。明治4年1月10日、羽前(うぜん)国西田川(にしたがわ)郡高畑町(山形県鶴岡市)に庄内(しょうない)藩士斎藤親信(さいとうちかのぶ)の二男として生まれる。本名は林次郎。2歳のとき父の兄高山久平の養子となる。官吏であった養父の転任に従って、山形、福島と移り、1886年(明治19)に上京、東京英語学校に入学した。彼はその短い生涯において、「浪漫(ろうまん)主義」「日本主義」「個人主義」と思想を三変させた。しかし、その死の直後に桑木厳翼(くわきげんよく)が、樗牛の「煩悶(はんもん)は一貫して一つの問題に触れて居(い)」た、それは「人生問題と云(い)ふものゝ解決であつた」と述べているように、変転する彼の思想遍歴のうちに新しい時代の刻印をはっきりと見て取ることができる。 仙台の第二高等中学校に入学した樗牛は、1891年有志と語らって『文学会雑誌』を創刊し数編の論文を載せた。そこには、人生への懐疑、文学への志向などすでに浪漫主義のモチーフがみられる。1893年帝国大学哲学科に入学した樗牛は、小説『滝口入道』(1894)を発表する一方、上田敏(うえだびん)、姉崎嘲風(あねさきちょうふう)(姉崎正治(まさはる))らと『帝国文学』(1895)の創刊に加わり、近松文学に託して自らの思いを吐露した。それによれば「愛」こそ「人生に対しては幸福の最大なる源」であり、「情死」こそ「幸福なる愛の最後」であった。 1897年雑誌『太陽』の主筆となった樗牛は、やがて「日本主義」を唱え国家至上主義を説くに至る。しかし彼は、あくまでも「人生の目的は幸福にあり」、国家は「幸福を実現する方法」であるとしており、単純な国家主義とは一線を画している。1900年(明治33)、欧州留学を目前にして樗牛は突如、血を吐いて倒れた。以後、彼の思想は国家至上主義から一転して、「美的生活を論ず」(1901)、「日蓮上人(にちれんしょうにん)とは如何(いか)なる人ぞ」(1902)など、いずれも、すべてに優先する個人の価値を高唱したものであった。そしてニーチェの思想を賛美し、強烈な「超人」的な個性に傾倒していった。この「晩年の叫び」が後の世代に大きな影響を与えたのである。 [渡辺和靖 2016年9月16日] 『『滝口入道』(岩波文庫)』▽『渡辺和靖著『明治思想史』(1978/増補版・1985・ぺりかん社)』 [参照項目] | | | |©小学館ライブラリー"> 高山樗牛 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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