Continental Growth Theory

Japanese: 大陸成長説 - たいりくせいちょうせつ
Continental Growth Theory

This theory states that the continents have grown over geological time, and their areas have increased. Roughly speaking, the rocks that make up North America tend to be the oldest in the center of the continent, and get younger toward the periphery. In other words, rocks from 3 to 2.5 billion years old are distributed mainly from Hudson Bay to the Great Lakes region, and surrounding them toward the periphery are rocks from 2.5 to 1.6 billion years old, 1.6 to 900 million years old, 900 to 570 million years old, and on the outermost periphery are rocks from the Paleozoic Era and younger than 570 million years old. In the European continent, the rocks tend to be oldest in the east, and get younger toward the west. In the Australian continent, the rocks tend to be oldest in the west, and get younger toward the east. In the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern part of North America, thick sediments from the Paleozoic era were transformed and folded by mountain building, and are now distributed around the edge of the older rocks to the west. In the Rocky Mountains, Coast Ranges, and Sierra Nevada Mountains in the western part of the continent, strata that were once considered geosynclinal deposits from the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras were transformed and folded by mountain building, and are now distributed around the edge of the older rocks to the east. Based on this distribution pattern of strata of different eras, the idea was born that continents grow by the gradual addition of new rocks around an older core.

However, when we look more closely at the age and distribution of rocks, we find that there are small amounts of 1 billion year old rocks on the western edge of North America, and 2 billion year old rocks in the Andes Mountains, which are made up of younger rocks on the western edge of South America, and that there are rocks in the Andes Mountains that are made up of younger rocks on the western edge of South America. These are distributions of rocks that cannot be adequately explained by the continental growth theory.

The continental growth theory was first proposed in the 1850s, and since the continental drift theory was proposed by Wegener in the 1910s, it has been discussed in various ways, taking this into account. In the 1970s, the theory of plate tectonics was established, and it became clear that large and small continents have undergone more complex separation, collision, and disappearance in addition to the continental drift shown by Wegener. Therefore, the continental growth theory, which was represented by the North American continent, no longer holds up as it is.

It is not clear when and how the protocontinent was formed, but it (or they) are presumed to have been formed in the early stages of the Earth's formation (around 4 billion years ago) by volcanic activity that began with the generation of magma, resulting in the formation of granitic rocks. How the protocontinent grew and changed after that cannot be explained solely by the plate tectonics theory.

[Yoshida Shigeo]

[References] | Continental drift theory | Plate tectonics

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

大陸が地質時代とともに成長し、その面積が増大したとする説。北アメリカ大陸をつくっている岩石の時代は、大まかにみて、大陸の中央部でその岩石がもっとも古く、外側に向かってしだいに若くなるという傾向がある。すなわち、ハドソン湾から五大湖域にかけては30億~25億年前の岩石がおもに分布し、それを取り囲むようにして外側に向かって順に、25億~16億年前、16億~9億年前、9億~5億7000万年前、もっとも外側に5億7000万年前より若い古生代以降の岩石が分布する。ヨーロッパ大陸では、岩石は東でもっとも古く、西に向かってしだいに若くなる傾向がある。オーストラリア大陸では岩石は西側でもっとも古く、東に向かってしだいに若くなる傾向がある。また、北アメリカ大陸東部のアパラチア山脈では、古生代の厚い堆積(たいせき)物が造山運動を被って変成、褶曲(しゅうきょく)し、その西側のより古い岩石を縁どるように分布している。さらに同大陸西部のロッキー山脈、海岸山脈、シエラ・ネバダ山脈においても、古生代―中生代―新生代の、かつて地向斜堆積物とされた地層が造山運動を被って変成、褶曲し、東側のより古い岩石を縁どって分布している。時代の異なる地層のこのような分布パターンに基づいて、大陸はより古い核の周りに、新しい岩石がしだいに付加して成長していくという考えが生まれた。

 しかしながら、より細かに岩石の時代と分布を調べてみると、たとえば北アメリカ大陸の西縁部にも10億年前の岩石がごくわずかながら分布し、南アメリカ大陸西縁の若い岩石からなるアンデス山脈にも20億年前の岩石が分布するなど、大陸成長説ではうまく説明することができない岩石の分布が各地で知られている。

 大陸成長説は1850年代に唱えられ始め、1910年代にウェゲナーによって大陸移動説が提唱されてからは、それを考えに入れたうえでさまざまに議論されてきた。1970年代に入ってプレートテクトニクス理論が確立されるに至り、大小の大陸は、ウェゲナーが示した大陸移動に加えて、より複雑な分離や衝突、消滅を行ってきたことが明らかにされた。したがって北アメリカ大陸に代表されるとされた大陸成長説はそのままでは成り立たなくなった。

 始原大陸がいつごろどのようにして生成したかは明確ではないが、それ(またはそれら)は、地球生成の初期(40億年前ごろ)に、マグマの生成に始まる火成活動によって花崗(かこう)岩質岩石が生じ形成されたものと推定されている。その後、始原大陸がどのように成長、変遷してきたかということは、単にプレートテクトニクス理論によってのみ説明できることではない。

[吉田鎮男]

[参照項目] | 大陸移動説 | プレートテクトニクス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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