Shapley, Lloyd

Japanese: シャプリー(英語表記)Shapley, Lloyd
Shapley, Lloyd
Born June 2, 1923 in Cambridge, Massachusetts
[Died] March 12, 2016. Tucson, Arizona. American mathematician and economist. Full name Lloyd Stowell Shapley. Born the son of astronomer Harlow Shapley. Served in the U.S. Army Air Corps from 1943 to 1945, earned a bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1948, and worked as a research scientist at the RAND Corporation from 1948 to 1949. Received a doctorate from Princeton University in 1953, and returned to RAND in 1954, where he worked until 1981. In 1981, he became a professor of economics and mathematics at the University of California, Los Angeles, and was made a professor emeritus there in 2001. His research theme was cooperative game theory, a branch of game theory, and his research focused on developing methods for finding stable matchings. The main concepts of the theory were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1962, in the paper "College Entrance and Marriage Stability," co-authored with American economist David Gale, Shapley came up with a method for solving pair-by-pair matching problems using mathematical theory. In 2012, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics along with Alvin E. Ross for his contributions to "stable allocation theory and the practice of market design." By combining Shapley's theory and empirical research with Ross's application to market design, it has become possible to create efficient matching that is mutually beneficial for organizations and individuals, and to better allocate resources in various markets.

Shapley
Shapley, Harlow

Born November 2, 1885 in Nashville, Missouri.
[died] October 20, 1972. Boulder, Columbia. American astronomer. Graduated from the University of Missouri (1910) and received his doctorate from Princeton University in 1913. Worked at the Mount Wilson Observatory in California (14), professor at Harvard University, and director of the Mount Wilson Observatory (21). He studied globular clusters using the 100-inch (254 cm) reflecting telescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory, and discovered that globular clusters are roughly distributed in a sphere centered on Sagittarius. He also clarified the shape of the Milky Way Galaxy and determined the position of the solar system within it with almost exact accuracy. He developed a method to determine the size of each star in a double star system, and revealed that Cepheid variables are pulsating stars. His main works include Star Clusters (30), Flights from Chaos (30), and Of Stars and Men (58).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1923.6.2. マサチューセッツ,ケンブリッジ
[没]2016.3.12. アリゾナ,トゥーソン
アメリカ合衆国の数学者,経済学者。フルネーム Lloyd Stowell Shapley。天文学者ハーロー・シャプリーの息子として生まれる。1943~45年アメリカ陸軍航空隊に所属,1948年にハーバード大学で学士号を取得,1948~49年ランド研究所の数学研究員として勤務する。1953年にプリンストン大学で博士号を取得,1954年にランド研究所に戻り 1981年まで勤めた。同 1981年にカリフォルニア大学ロサンゼルス校の経済学と数学の教授となり,2001年に同名誉教授となった。ゲームの理論の一分野の協力ゲーム理論を研究テーマとし,その研究の中心は安定したマッチングを見出すための方法の開発にあった。理論の主要概念は 1950~60年代に生みだされ,1962年にアメリカの経済学者デービッド・ゲールとの共著論文『大学入学と結婚の安定性』で,ペアごとのマッチングの問題を数学理論を使って解く方法を編み出した。2012年に「安定配分理論とマーケットデザインの実践」に関する功績により,アルビン・E.ロスとともにノーベル経済学賞を受賞した。シャプリーの理論と実証的研究,およびロスのマーケットデザインへの応用を組み合わせることで,組織や個人にとって相互の利益となる効率的なマッチングを行ない,さまざまな市場で資源をよりよく配分することが可能になった。

シャプリー
Shapley, Harlow

[生]1885.11.2. ミズーリ,ナッシュビル
[没]1972.10.20. コロンビア,ボールダー
アメリカの天文学者。ミズーリ大学卒業 (1910) 後,1913年プリンストン大学で学位取得。カリフォルニアのウィルソン山天文台勤務 (14) ,ハーバード大学教授,ウィルソン山天文台台長 (21) 。ウィルソン山天文台の 100インチ (254cm) 反射望遠鏡を用いて球状星団を研究し,球状星団がほぼ,いて座を中心として球状に分布していることを発見。また,銀河系の形を明らかにするとともに,銀河系内の太陽系の位置をほぼ正しく見出した。二重星の各恒星の大きさを見出す方法を発展させ,ケフェウス型変光星が脈動星であることを明らかにした。主著『星団』 Star Clusters (30) ,『混沌からの飛躍』 Flights from Chaos (30) ,『星と人間』 Of Stars and Men (58) など。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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