Typography

Japanese: タイポグラフィー
Typography
A technique for combining type for printing. In Europe and the United States, this tradition dates back to the invention of movable type printing by Gutenberg. It has two aspects: an artistic aspect, which is a competition of artisanal skills in arranging type beautifully, and a functional aspect, which is character design for effective visual communication. In particular, the latter has been highlighted in modern typography. With the advent of phototypesetting and the advent of digital typography due to the spread of computers, the meaning of the field that deals with typesetting for letterpress printing has faded. Today, it refers to character design as a means of visual communication in a wide range of media, not only in print but also on television and computer screens. However, fundamentally, it is different from calligraphy, the art of handwritten letters that has a tradition dating back to the culture of manuscripts. It is also different from typeface design, which is often confused with it.
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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:
印刷のために活字を組み合わせ使用する技法。欧米ではグーテンベルクの活版印刷術の発明以来の伝統をもつ。活字を美しく組み上げる職人的技量を競う芸術的側面と,効果的な視覚伝達を実現するための文字デザインという機能的側面の二つの面をもつ。特に近代タイポグラフィーでは後者がクローズアップされてきた。写真植字の登場,コンピューターの浸透によるデジタル・タイポグラフィーの登場で,活版印刷のための文字組みをつかさどる分野という意味合いは薄れた。今日では,印刷だけでなくテレビやコンピューター画面上など,広くメディア全般における視覚伝達手段としての文字デザイン表現を指すようになっている。しかし根本的には,写本文化からの伝統をもつ手書き文字芸術〈カリグラフィー〉とは異なる。また混同されることが多いが,書体をデザインする〈タイプフェース・デザイン〉とも別のものである。
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