If you organize given data, such as a record of the heights of all the students in a class, into a frequency distribution table, it becomes easier to see the distribution of the data. When the distribution is represented by a single number, that number is called the representative value. Representative values usually include the average (arithmetic mean), geometric mean, median, and mode. When all the data are arranged in order of size, the value in the middle is called the median or median. In other words, if N values are arranged in order of size as x 1 < x 2 < ... < x N , if N is an odd number, then m = (N + 1) / 2 and x m is the median, and if N is an even number, then m = N / 2 and (x m + x m + 1 ) / 2 is the median. Next, when there are several equal values in the data, the value that appears most frequently is called the mode or frequency. Also, the mode of a frequency distribution created by dividing the data into classes is the class value with the highest frequency. The representative value to be adopted should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Usually, the arithmetic mean is used as the representative value. However, when the data is about an index, for example, the geometric mean may be used as the representative value. Also, the mode would be appropriate as the representative value for the shirt sizes sold at a clothing store. [Shigeru Furuya] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
あるクラスの全員の身長を記録したものなど、与えられた資料を度数分布表などに整理すれば、資料の分布の状況が見やすいものになる。その分布を1個の数値で代表させるとき、その数値を代表値という。代表値としては普通、平均値(相加平均)、相乗平均、メジアン、モードが用いられる。資料のすべてを大きさの順に並べたとき、中央の順位にくる値をメジアンまたは中央値という。すなわち、N個の値を大きさの順に並べたものをx1<x2<……<xNとするとき、Nが奇数であればm=(N+1)/2としてxmをメジアン、Nが偶数であればm=N/2として(xm+xm+1)/2をメジアンとする。次に、資料のうちに等しいものがいくつもあるとき、もっとも多数回現れる値をモードまたは最頻数という。また階級に分けてつくった度数分布のモードは、度数が最大である階級の階級値をいう。 代表値として何を採用するかはそれぞれの場合に応じて考える。普通は代表値として相加平均が使われることが多い。しかし資料がたとえば指数に関するものであるときは代表値として相乗平均をとることがある。また洋品店で売れるシャツのサイズの代表値としてはモードをとるのが適当であろう。 [古屋 茂] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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