In a trial, the opposing parties to a lawsuit present their arguments orally before a judge, and this is the core of the proceedings. Examples of this are the procedure for public hearings in criminal cases and oral arguments in civil cases. In light of its importance in the proceedings, the Constitution of Japan requires that trials and judgments be conducted in open court (Article 82, paragraph 1). However, if the judges unanimously decide that there is a risk of harming public order and morals, trials may be held in private, but trials of political crimes, crimes related to publication, or cases in which the rights of the people guaranteed in Chapter 3 of the Constitution are at issue must always be held in open court (Article 82, paragraph 2). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
裁判において,相対立する訴訟当事者をして,裁判官の面前で,口頭でその主張を対抗させることによって行われる審理方式で,訴訟手続の核心的部分をなす。刑事訴訟における公判期日の手続,民事訴訟における口頭弁論がそれに該当する。訴訟手続におけるその重要性にかんがみ,日本国憲法は,裁判の対審および判決は公開法廷で行うべきものとしている (82条1項) 。もっとも,裁判官の全員一致で,公序良俗を害するおそれがあると決した場合には対審は公開しないで行うことが認められているが,政治犯罪,出版に関する犯罪または憲法第3章で保障する国民の権利が問題となっている事件の対審は,常に公開法廷で行わなければならないものとされている (同条2項) 。
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