The Third Estate refers to the commoners who do not belong to the clergy or nobility. While the first two enjoy various status privileges and honors, the Third Estate has no inherent status privileges. In the medieval Christian world, there was a status division into those who prayed (oratores, monks), those who fought (bellatores, nobles), and those who worked (laboratores, commoners). The working Third Estate included a number of social and occupational classes and organizations, ranging from judicial and financial bureaucrats, city magistrates, and various merchants and craftsmen. Politically, Third Estate representatives participated in national and local estate assemblies. In France in the 14th century, the Third Estate in the Three Estates General consisted of city magistrates, lawyers, and wealthy merchants from privileged cities, and in 1614, the majority were judges with bureaucratic privileges. They were the most powerful and wealthy members of the Third Estate. During the French Revolution in 1789, the bourgeoisie, including lawyers, merchants, and industrial capitalists, monopolized the Third Estate and became the driving force behind the revolution, eventually dismantling the estate system. [Haruo Chiba] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
僧侶(そうりょ)と貴族身分に属さない平民身分をさす。前二者は種々の身分的特権と栄誉を享受するが、第三身分は固有の身分特権をもたない。中世キリスト教世界では、祈るものoratores=僧侶、戦うものbellatores=貴族、働くものlaboratores=平民の身分的区分があった。働くものである第三身分は、裁判および財務官僚や、都市市政官から各種商人・職人に至る、いくつもの社会的・職域的階層、団体を含んでいる。政治的には、第三身分代議員が全国的ないし地方的な身分制議会に参席した。 フランスでは、14世紀の全国三部会における第三身分は、特権都市の市政官や法曹家、大商人であり、1614年の場合、官僚特権をもつ法官が大多数を占めた。彼らは第三身分のうちでも勢力と資産をもつものであった。フランス革命時、1789年の全国三部会では、法曹家と商人、工業資本家など、資産家としてのブルジョアが第三身分を独占、革命推進の主体となり、ついに身分制を解体させた。 [千葉治男] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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