Body fluids

Japanese: 体液 - たいえき
Body fluids

Body fluids are the collective term for the liquid components contained within the bodies of humans and animals. In humans, body fluids account for about 60% of body weight in men and about 55% in women. Body fluids are divided into intracellular fluid, which is contained inside cells, and extracellular fluid, which exists outside cells. Intracellular fluid accounts for about two-thirds of the total fluid, while extracellular fluid accounts for about one-third. A typical example of extracellular fluid is blood (plasma), but others include interstitial fluid and lymph. Intracellular fluid is composed mostly of potassium ions, while extracellular fluid is rich in sodium ions and chloride ions.

In addition to energy production, various chemical reactions take place in the cells that make up the body, all of which take place in the form of an aqueous solution. In other words, body fluids, especially intracellular fluid, are the sites of chemical reactions within the body. On the other hand, extracellular fluid mainly mediates the transport of substances necessary for life phenomena. For example, various nutrients and carbon dioxide excreted from each cell are transported in the form of an aqueous solution, and oxygen is bound to red blood cells floating in the plasma and sent to each tissue. The intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid are in contact with each other across the cell membrane, and the interstitial fluid and blood are in contact with each other across the capillary wall. Blood also comes into contact with the outside air in the lungs and with urine in the kidneys, and there is active exchange of substances between these two, playing an essential role in maintaining biological functions. Water has a high specific heat and is chemically stable, so it also helps maintain a constant body temperature and other internal conditions of the body.

[Hidenobu Mashima]

[References] | Interstitial fluid | Blood | Lymph

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ヒトおよび動物の体内に含まれる液体成分を総称して体液という。ヒトの場合、体液は男子で体重の約60%、女子で約55%を占める。体液は細胞の内部に含まれる細胞内液と、細胞の外に存在する細胞外液とに分けられる。細胞内液は全体液の約3分の2を占め、細胞外液は約3分の1を占める。細胞外液の代表的なものは血液(血漿(けっしょう))であるが、そのほかに間質液、リンパ液などがある。細胞内液の組成はカリウムイオンが多く、細胞外液にはナトリウムイオンおよび塩素イオンが多い。

 身体を構成する細胞の中では、エネルギー産生のほか、さまざまな化学反応が行われているが、これらはすべて水溶液の形をとって行われる。すなわち体液、とくに細胞内液が生体内化学反応の場となるわけである。一方、細胞外液は主として生活現象に必要な物質の輸送を媒介している。たとえば、各種栄養素や各細胞から排泄(はいせつ)された二酸化炭素は水溶液の形で輸送され、酸素は血漿中に浮遊する赤血球に結合して各組織に送られる、などである。細胞内液と間質液とは細胞膜を隔てて相接し、間質液と血液は毛細血管壁を隔てて相接している。また血液は肺においては外気と、腎臓(じんぞう)においては尿と相接し、これらの間で盛んに物質交換を行い、生体機能維持のうえで不可欠の役割を果たしている。なお、水は比熱が大きく、かつ化学的に安定であるため、体温その他生体の内部環境を一定に保つためにも役だっている。

[真島英信]

[参照項目] | 間質液 | 血液 | リンパ

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