Lev Davidovich Trotskiy (English spelling)

Japanese: トロツキー - とろつきー(英語表記)Лев Давидович Троцкий/Lev Davidovich Trotskiy
Lev Davidovich Trotskiy (English spelling)

Born Bronshteyn, he was a Russian revolutionary, a leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and later a leader in anti-Stalinist theory and movement.

[Kazuo Fujimoto]

Until the Revolution

He was born in Kherson province in southern Ukraine to a wealthy Jewish peasant settler family. He entered St. Paul's Industrial School in Odessa and later moved to Nikolaevsk to complete his secondary education, where he organized the South Russian Workers' Union. In 1898, he was arrested along with other members and exiled to Siberia. In 1902, he escaped the country and became a contributor to Iskra, the organ of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, edited by Lenin, Plekhanov, and others in London. When the party split at the Second Party Congress in 1903, he belonged to the Mensheviks (minority) and wrote Our Political Tasks (1904), which was a fierce criticism of Lenin's theory on party organization, but organizationally he took a middle ground between the Bolsheviks (majority) and the Mensheviks.

[Kazuo Fujimoto]

The First Revolution and the First World War

He returned to Russia early after the 1905 Revolution (the First Revolution) and led the St. Petersburg Workers' Soviet, later becoming its chairman. During the revolution, together with Alexander Gelfand Parvus (1867-1924), he developed the theory of permanent revolution, and published Summary and Prospect (1906) to summarize and systematize the revolution. In December 1905, he was arrested along with other members of the Soviet and was again exiled to Siberia, but he managed to escape and, based in Vienna, published the newspaper Pravda with Adolf Joffe and others. In 1912, he tried to form a bloc to counter Lenin's attempt to rebuild the party with only the Bolsheviks. He participated in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 as a newspaper correspondent, and when World War I began in 1914, he adopted a radical anti-war internationalist stance, and in 1915 he attended the Zimmerwald Conference, a gathering of anti-war internationalists, and drafted its manifesto. After the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia in May and joined the Bolshevik Party at its 6th Party Congress, where he was elected as a Central Committee member. As the revolutionaries' influence grew, he was later elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, and together with Lenin, who was in underground hiding, he led the October Revolution, and was said to be second to none in terms of his eloquence and ability to organize the masses.

After the October Revolution, as the Soviet government's People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, he proposed a democratic peace to all warring nations, and served as the head of the Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations with Germany, where he is known for declaring "we will not wage war or sign a peace treaty" in response to the German annexationist ultimatum. From March 1918, as the People's Commissar for Military Affairs, he was involved in building the Red Army, and as Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, he led the defense of the Soviet regime during the Civil War. During this time, he served as a member of the Party Politburo and the Comintern Executive Committee, and also held the position of People's Commissar for Transport (1920-1921). On the other hand, from 1919 to 1920, he advocated the introduction of military discipline to labor, the militarization of labor, and the nationalization of labor unions, but he was defeated in an internal party debate against the backdrop of public opinion that wanted to relax discipline.

[Kazuo Fujimoto]

Isolation and deportation

When Lenin retired from political activity due to illness in 1923, Trotsky's political isolation within the party became definitive, and he was criticized as an opponent of the party by the trio of party veterans Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Stalin, and was forced to resign as People's Commissar of Military Affairs in 1925. In 1926-1927, Trotsky formed a joint opposition with Zinoviev, Kamenev, and others, but was defeated by the coalition of Stalin and Bukharin, expelled from the party in 1927, exiled internally to Alma-Ata in 1928, and then exiled abroad in 1929. Trotsky continued to oppose Stalinism even after his exile, publishing the journal "The Opposition Bulletin" (1929-1941) and continuing his campaign to refute Comintern's theory of social fascism and the deception of the purge trials. During this time, he traveled "without a passport" to Turkey, France, and Norway, and in 1937 he went into exile in Mexico. In 1938, he founded the Fourth International to replace Comintern, but was assassinated on August 20, 1940 in Mexico City, where he was in exile. The culprit is said to be Ramon Mercader (1914-1978), a Spaniard who acted under Stalin's orders. During his exile, he published his masterpiece autobiography "My Life" (1930), his major work "The History of the Russian Revolution" (1931-1933), and "Revolution Betrayed" (1937), which analyzed and criticized Soviet society. He also had a deep knowledge of literature, and his works include "Literature and Revolution" (1923).

[Kazuo Fujimoto]

"Selected Works of Trotsky", 12 volumes and 14 books, plus 3 supplementary volumes (1961-1968, Gendai Shichosha / on-demand edition, 2008, Gendai Shicho Shinsha)""Selected Works of Trotsky, 2nd series, 21 volumes (1969-1973, Gendai Shichosha / on-demand edition, 2008, Gendai Shicho Shinsha)""Collected Works of Trotsky", 22 volumes (1971-, Tsuge Shobo, Tsuge Shobo Shinsha)""Translated by Takada Jiro, Autobiography of Trotsky, vols. 1 and 2 (1989, Chikuma Shobo)""Isaac Deutscher, The Armed Prophet: Trotsky, The Unarmed Prophet: Trotsky, The Exiled Prophet: Trotsky, by Isaac Deutscher, translated by Tanaka Nishijiro, Hashimoto Fukuo, and Yamanishi Eiichi (1964, Shinchosha; reprinted in 1992, Shinhyoron)""Kikuchi Masanori, The Intellectual Heritage of Humanity 67: Trotsky" (1982, Kodansha)""Jean Van Hegenort, Seven Years with Trotsky, translated by Ogasawara Toyoki (1984, Soshisha)""Reassessing Trotsky, edited by P. Dukes and T. Brotherstone, supervised translation by Shida Noboru and Nishijima Sakae (1994, Shinhyoron)"

[References] | Iskra | International | Permanent Revolution | Kamenev | Zinoviev | Stalin | Stalinism | Red Army | Trotskyism | Bukharin | Pravda | Brest-Litovsk Treaty | Plekhanov | Bolsheviks | Mensheviks | Lenin | Russian Revolution | Russian Social Democratic Labor Party

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

本名ブロンシテインБронштейн/Bronshteyn。ロシアの革命家、ソ連共産党指導者で、のち反スターリン主義の理論および運動の指導者。

[藤本和貴夫]

革命まで

南ウクライナのヘルソン県でユダヤ人の富裕な入植農民の子として生まれる。オデッサの聖パウロ実業学校に入学、のちニコラエフスクに移って中等教育を終えたが、ここで「南ロシア労働者同盟」を組織、1898年他のメンバーとともに逮捕され、シベリアに流刑された。1902年、国外に脱出し、ロンドンでレーニン、プレハーノフらの編集するロシア社会民主労働党の機関紙『イスクラ』の寄稿者となった。1903年の第2回党大会で党が分裂した際、メンシェビキ(少数派)に属し、レーニンの党組織論を激しく批判する『われわれの政治的任務』(1904)を書いたが、組織的にはボリシェビキ(多数派)とメンシェビキとの中間の立場をとるようになった。

[藤本和貴夫]

第一革命と第一次世界大戦期

1905年の革命(第一革命)でいち早く帰国、「ペテルブルグ労働者ソビエト」を指導、のちにその議長となった。彼は、革命のなかでパルブスAlexander Gelfand Parvus(1867―1924)とともに永続革命論を発展させ、『総括と展望』を刊行(1906)してこの革命を総括、体系化した。1905年12月、ソビエトの他のメンバーとともに逮捕され、ふたたびシベリア流刑となったが、途中で国外に脱出、ウィーンを拠点に、アドルフ・ヨッフェらと『プラウダ』紙を発行した。1912年には、レーニンがボリシェビキ派のみで党を再建しようとしたことに対抗するブロックの形成に努めている。1912~1913年のバルカン戦争に新聞特派員として参加、1914年、第一次世界大戦が始まると急進的な反戦国際主義の立場にたち、1915年、反戦派の国際主義者が集まるツィンメルワルト会議に出席、その宣言案を起草した。1917年の二月革命後、5月に帰国、ボリシェビキ党の第6回党大会で同党に入党、中央委員に選出された。その後、革命派の勢力拡大とともにペトログラード・ソビエトの議長に選ばれ、地下潜行中のレーニンとともに十月革命を指導したが、雄弁と大衆の組織力でその右に出る者はないといわれた。

 十月革命後は、ソビエト政府の外務人民委員(外相)として大戦の全交戦国に民主的講和を提案、ブレスト・リトフスクにおける対独講和交渉の団長を務め、ドイツ側の併合的な最後通牒(つうちょう)に「戦争をせず、講和にも調印しない」と宣言したことで知られる。1918年3月から軍事人民委員として赤軍の建設にあたり、また共和国革命軍事評議会議長として、内戦時のソビエト政権防衛の先頭にたった。この間、党政治局員、コミンテルン執行委員などを務めるとともに運輸人民委員(1920~1921)を兼任した。他方、1919~1920年には、労働に軍隊的規律を導入する労働の軍隊化や労働組合の国家化を主張したが、規律引締めの緩和を望む世論を背景とした党内論争で敗れた。

[藤本和貴夫]

孤立と国外追放

1923年、レーニンが病気によって政治活動から引退すると、トロツキーの党内における政治的孤立は決定的となり、党生え抜きのジノビエフ、カーメネフ、スターリンの3人組から党反対派として批判され、1925年には軍事人民委員の辞任に追い込まれた。1926~1927年にトロツキーはジノビエフ、カーメネフらと合同反対派を結成したが、スターリン、ブハーリンの連合に敗れ、1927年に党を除名、1928年にはアルマ・アタに国内追放され、さらに1929年に国外に追放された。トロツキーは国外追放後もスターリン主義に反対し続け、『反対派ブレテン』誌(1929~1941)を刊行、コミンテルンの社会ファシズム論、粛清裁判の欺瞞(ぎまん)に反駁(はんばく)するキャンペーンを続けたが、その間、トルコ、フランス、ノルウェーと「旅券のない旅」を続け、1937年メキシコに亡命した。1938年、コミンテルンにかわる第四インターナショナルを創設したが、1940年8月20日、亡命先のメキシコ市で暗殺された。犯人はスターリンの指示を受けたスペイン人、ラモン・メルカデルRamon Mercader(1914―1978)とされる。亡命中、自伝の傑作『わが生涯』(1930)、主著『ロシア革命史』(1931~1933)、ソ連社会を分析・批判した『裏切られた革命』(1937)などを刊行した。文学に対する造詣(ぞうけい)も深く、『文学と革命』(1923)などがある。

[藤本和貴夫]

『『トロツキー選集』全12巻14冊・補巻3巻(1961~1968・現代思潮社/オンデマンド版・2008・現代思潮新社)』『『トロツキー選集』第2期、全21巻(1969~1973・現代思潮社/オンデマンド版・2008・現代思潮新社)』『『トロツキー著作集』全22巻(1971~ ・柘植書房、柘植書房新社)』『高田爾郎訳『トロツキー自伝』1、2(1989・筑摩書房)』『アイザック・ドイッチャー著、田中西二郎・橋本福夫・山西英一訳『武装せる予言者・トロツキー』『武力なき予言者・トロツキー』『追放された予言者・トロツキー』(1964・新潮社/復刊・1992・新評論)』『菊地昌典著『人類の知的遺産67 トロツキー』(1982・講談社)』『ジャン・ヴァン・エジュノール著、小笠原豊樹訳『トロツキーとの七年間』(1984・草思社)』『P・デュークス、T・ブラザーストーン編、志田昇・西島栄監訳『トロツキー再評価』(1994・新評論)』

[参照項目] | イスクラ | インターナショナル | 永続革命論 | カーメネフ | ジノビエフ | スターリン | スターリン主義 | 赤軍 | トロツキズム | ブハーリン | プラウダ | ブレスト・リトフスク条約 | プレハーノフ | ボリシェビキ | メンシェビキ | レーニン | ロシア革命 | ロシア社会民主労働党

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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