Originally meaning "conference" or "council" in Russian, as the Russian Revolution progressed it came to refer to the organ of power of the proletarian dictatorship and its form of power. It originated from the Soviet of Workers' Deputies, which led the Ivanovo-Voznesensk strike as a fighting organ for the proletariat during the 1905 Revolution. At first it functioned simply as a strike committee, but over time the Mensheviks positioned it as a workers' parliament to rival the bourgeois parliament, while the Bolsheviks positioned it as an organ to form a united front with soldiers and peasants centered on the proletariat, and after the successful armed uprising, as the parent body of a revolutionary government to seize power. After the February Revolution of 1917, which overthrew the tsarist government, the Soviets created a "dual power" situation in which they coexisted with the Provisional Government. The Soviet Union was a state power until the 1910s, when the Soviets were defeated by the Soviets in Moscow and Petrograd. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
元来はロシア語で「会議」「評議会」の意味であったが,ロシア革命の進行とともにプロレタリア独裁の権力機関,およびその権力形態をさすようになった。 1905年革命のときプロレタリアートの闘争機関として,イバノボ=ボズネセンスクのストライキを指導した労働者代表ソビエトに起源をもち,初めは単なるストライキ委員会として機能していたが,やがてメンシェビキはブルジョア議会に対抗する労働者議会として,ボルシェビキはプロレタリアートを中心に兵士および農民との統一戦線を結成する機関,武装蜂起の成功後は権力を奪取する革命政府の母体として位置づけた。 17年の二月革命で帝政が倒れたのち,ソビエトは臨時政府と共存する「二重権力」状況をつくりだした。しかし,9月なかば以降ボルシェビキがペトログラード (ペテルブルグ) とモスクワのソビエトを支配してからは,革命的権力機関としてのソビエトが前面に現れ,十月革命によって「すべての権力をソビエトへ」が実現した。ここでブルジョア国家機関のあらゆる残滓が払拭され,労兵ソビエトを基盤に最高権力をソビエト大会におく国家形態としてのソビエト共和国が誕生した。
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