Litigation attorney - Sosho dairinin

Japanese: 訴訟代理人 - そしょうだいりにん

Under the Civil Procedure Law, it refers to a person who has the right to represent another person in litigation, and under the Criminal Procedure Law, it refers to a person who represents another person in litigation that is exceptionally permitted.

[Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato]

Litigation representative in civil litigation

A litigation representative in a civil lawsuit is a voluntary representative who has the power to represent the other party in the proceedings. A voluntary representative differs from a statutory representative in that the appointment is based on the will of the party himself/herself. Article 54 of the Civil Procedure Act recognizes the following two types of litigation representatives:

(1) Litigation representative appointed by individual authorization of the parties (litigation representative in the narrow sense) In principle, such representative must be a lawyer, but in summary courts, a person who is not a lawyer may be appointed as a litigation representative with permission.

(2) Litigation representative in that capacity: This is a statutory representative who is given comprehensive power of attorney for the principal's business by law and, as a result, includes the authority to act in court, such as a manager (Article 11, Paragraph 1 of the Companies Act), a ship's manager (Article 700 of the Commercial Code), and a ship's captain (Article 713 of the same Act). The powers of a statutory litigation representative are determined solely by the relevant laws and regulations.

The powers of a litigation agent through litigation delegation are also stipulated by law (Civil Procedure Act, Article 55, Paragraphs 1 and 2), and cannot be restricted (Civil Procedure Act, Article 55, Paragraph 3). This is because the agent is a lawyer, a legal expert, and can be trusted to ensure the smooth running of litigation procedures.

[Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato]

Criminal prosecution attorney

Under the Criminal Procedure Code, representation in procedural acts is legally recognized in only a few cases. That is, when the defendant is a corporation, its representative may act on his/her behalf, and when the defendant is mentally incapacitated in a particular case, his/her legal representative may act on his/her behalf (Criminal Procedure Code, Articles 27 and 28). Also, when the defendant is a corporation or in minor cases, a representative may appear at the trial date (Criminal Procedure Code, Articles 283 and 284). Furthermore, independent representation is granted to defense attorneys (Criminal Procedure Code, Article 41), and representation is permitted in the filing and withdrawal of charges (Criminal Procedure Code, Article 240).

[Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

民事訴訟法上は、訴訟代理権を有する者をいい、刑事訴訟法上は、例外的に認められた訴訟行為を代理する者をいう。

［内田武吉・加藤哲夫］

民事訴訟における訴訟代理人

民事訴訟における訴訟代理人は、訴訟遂行のための代理権をもった任意代理人のことである。任意代理人は、その選任が当事者たる本人の意思に基づく点で法定代理人とは異なる。民事訴訟法第54条は、次の2種類の訴訟代理人を認めている。

(1)当事者の個別的授権による訴訟代理人（狭義の訴訟代理人）　この代理人は原則として弁護士でなければならないが、簡易裁判所においては許可を得て弁護士でない者を訴訟代理人にすることができる。

(2)その資格に基づく訴訟代理人　これは本人の業務につき包括的な代理権を法令上与えられており、その結果、裁判上の行為をする権限をも包含している法令上の代理人で、たとえば支配人（会社法11条1項）、船舶管理人（商法700条）、船長（同法713条）などである。法令上の訴訟代理人の権限は、もっぱら当該関係法令によって定まる。

　訴訟委任による訴訟代理人の権限も法定されており（民事訴訟法55条1項、2項）、これを制限することはできない（同法55条3項）。代理人が法律専門家たる弁護士であることを信頼し、訴訟手続の円滑な運営を期待できるからである。

［内田武吉・加藤哲夫］

刑事訴訟における訴訟代理人

刑事訴訟法では、法律上訴訟行為の代理を認めたのはごくわずかな場合にすぎない。すなわち、被告人が法人のときはその代表者が、被告人が特定の事件について意思無能力者である場合にはその法定代理人が、訴訟行為を代理し（刑事訴訟法27条、28条）、また、被告人が法人である場合および軽微な事件については公判期日に代理人の出頭を許し（同法283条、284条）、さらに弁護人に対し独立代理権を認め（同法41条）、告訴およびその取消しの代理を認めている（同法240条）。

［内田武吉・加藤哲夫］

[参照項目] | 支配人 | 船長 | 代理 | 弁護士 | 法定代理人

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