Participation in a lawsuit - Sosho Sanka

Japanese: 訴訟参加 - そしょうさんか
Participation in a lawsuit - Sosho Sanka

The joining of a third party outside the lawsuit to a lawsuit already pending between other parties. This third party is allowed to join when his or her own interests may be affected by the outcome of the lawsuit between the other parties.

[Yoshinobu Homma]

Intervening in civil litigation

There is a distinction between auxiliary joinder and party joinder, the latter of which is further divided into independent party joinder and joint joinder.

[Yoshinobu Homma]

Auxiliary Participation

Intervention means that when a lawsuit is pending between two people, a third party who has an interest in the outcome of the lawsuit intervenes in the lawsuit in order to protect his/her own interests by assisting one of the parties in winning the lawsuit (Article 42 of the Civil Procedure Act). One's own interests refer to the legal interests received by one of the parties in winning the lawsuit. For example, in a lawsuit filed by a creditor against a principal debtor for the return of a loan, a guarantor has an interest in whether the principal debtor will win the lawsuit (guarantee obligations are premised on the existence of the principal debt). Or, if A loses the lawsuit in the first instance and B wins the lawsuit, A has an interest in being able to seek compensation from B if B also loses the lawsuit and is liable for damages. Therefore, A has an interest in intervening in the lawsuit on the side of the plaintiff (victim) if he/she does not appeal the judgment against him/her. However, this interest must be a legal interest, so there is no benefit to intervention if there is a mere economic interest, such as an emotional interest, or if one of the parties loses the lawsuit, the assets will decrease and it will be difficult to enforce the execution against the party, or if the party will not be able to receive a gift. In the above example, the effect of the judgment received by the litigation party does not extend to the intervener. If the party has an interest in substantive law depending on the outcome of the lawsuit, the intervener can intervene. At the time of intervention, the intervener can take all the litigation actions that the intervened party (party to the lawsuit) can take, such as submitting an attack or defense, filing an objection, filing an appeal, filing a suit for retrial, etc. However, the party to the lawsuit is the intervened party, and the intervener (intervener) only protects his/her own interests by assisting the intervened party, so he/she cannot take any litigation actions that conflict with the litigation actions of the intervened party, and even if he/she does, it will have no effect. Any litigation actions that do not conflict have the same effect as those taken by the intervened party. Any judgment on the merits (a judgment that is not a dismissal but determines whether or not the rights and obligations claimed exist) issued by the court as a result of an intervenor's participation will be effective against the intervenor, under certain conditions (Civil Procedure Act, Article 46).

[Yoshinobu Homma]

Independent Parties Participate

For example, if creditor Z files a petition for compulsory execution on debtor X's real estate and obtains a decision to commence a compulsory auction, but Y files a lawsuit against X for the transfer of ownership of that real estate, X and Y may conspire to obstruct Z's compulsory execution. Also, when a lawsuit for confirmation of ownership of a certain piece of land is pending between X and Y, Z, who is not in the lawsuit, may also think that the land is his or hers. In such a case, Z may join the lawsuit as a party by claiming that his or her rights will be harmed by the outcome of the lawsuit between X and Y, or by claiming that the right that is the subject of the lawsuit is his or her own right, and by taking both or one of the parties to the lawsuit as the opposing party (Article 47 of the Civil Procedure Act; the former case is called a participation to prevent fraud, and the latter case is called a participation to assert rights). This protects the interests of participant Z and aims to resolve the dispute between X, Y, and Z all at once. This is called an independent party participation. In the case where this joinder has taken place, if one of the original parties, X or Y, does not wish to fight, he or she may withdraw from the lawsuit with the consent of the other party (this is called withdrawal from the lawsuit). In this case, the judgment will remain effective against the withdrawn party.

A person who claims to have taken over the rights currently at issue in a lawsuit (successor in interest) may join in accordance with the provisions for independent party intervention (Article 49 of the same law; if one of the previous parties who transferred the rights withdraws from the lawsuit, it will be a change of party), and when he or she joins, he or she will inherit the results of the previous party's litigation up to that point. If a third party during the pendency of a lawsuit inherits the obligation that is the subject of the lawsuit (successor in obligation), the court may, upon the request of a party, have that third party take over the lawsuit (Article 50 of the same law). In addition, a successor in obligation may also join in the lawsuit himself or herself if he or she believes that the results of the previous litigation are favorable to him or her (he or she will win). On the other hand, even if a successor in interest thinks that the results are unfavorable (he or she will lose), he or she will not actively participate, so in this case, upon the request of a party, the successor in interest may be able to take over the lawsuit (Article 51 of the same law). In addition, in the case of a successor in obligation, withdrawal from the lawsuit and succession to the results of the litigation are the same as in the case of a successor in interest.

[Yoshinobu Homma]

Joint litigation

In cases where a consolidated judgment is required (Article 838 of the Companies Act), such as a lawsuit to revoke a resolution of a general shareholders meeting, if the purpose of the lawsuit must be consolidated with respect to one of the parties and a third party, such as when a shareholder who is not a plaintiff joins the plaintiff side of an already pending lawsuit, the third party may join the lawsuit as a co-plaintiff. This is called joint participation in the lawsuit (Article 52 of the Civil Procedure Act).

Regarding the above-mentioned intervention in a lawsuit, the parties may give notice of the lawsuit to third parties who are able to intervene, and when they do so, the person who received the notice will receive the effect of the judgment even if he or she does not intervene (Article 53 of the same Act).

[Yoshinobu Homma]

Intervening in administrative litigation

In civil litigation, intervention is voluntary, but in administrative litigation, there is also compulsory intervention by ex officio. A judgment in favor of a claim in an appeal lawsuit has omnibus effect (Administrative Case Litigation Law, Article 32, Paragraph 1), so the effect of the judgment in favor extends to those who have a direct interest in the outcome of the lawsuit but are not parties to the lawsuit. It is necessary to give such third parties an opportunity to present their attack and defense methods and guarantee their rights as parties. For this purpose, if there is a third party whose rights will be harmed by the outcome of the lawsuit, the court may, at the request of the party or the third party, or by ex officio (Law, Article 22, Paragraph 1). For example, in a lawsuit to set aside an order of the Labor Relations Commission dismissing a petition for relief filed by a labor union or worker, the court may allow an employer to participate as a third party whose rights may be harmed by the outcome of the lawsuit. In addition, although an administrative agency involved in an administrative disposition has materials, knowledge, experience, etc. regarding the disposition, it does not necessarily become a party to the lawsuit. If the court determines that it is necessary to use these materials in litigation, it may, at the request of the parties or their administrative agency, or on its own initiative, have the administrative agency intervene in the litigation (Article 23, Paragraph 1 of the same Act).

[Yoshinobu Homma]

[References] | Lawsuit | Joint lawsuit | Attack and defense methods | Lawsuit | Litigation actions | Litigation succession | Parties to the lawsuit

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

すでに他人間に係属している訴訟に、訴訟外の第三者が加入していくこと。この第三者は、他人間の訴訟の結果いかんによっては自己の利益に影響が及ぶ可能性があるときに、参加を認められる。

[本間義信]

民事訴訟における訴訟参加

訴訟参加には、補助参加と当事者参加の区別があり、後者はさらに独立当事者参加と共同訴訟参加に分かれる。

[本間義信]

補助参加

補助参加とは、他人間に訴訟が係属しているときに、その訴訟の結果について利害関係を有する第三者が、訴訟当事者の一方を補助してこれを勝訴させることによって自己の利益を守るために、訴訟に参加することをいう(民事訴訟法42条)。自己の利益とは、当事者の一方を勝訴させることによって受ける法的利益をいう。たとえば、債権者から主債務者に対する貸金返還請求訴訟において、主債務者が勝訴するかどうかについて保証人は利害関係を有する(保証債務は主債務の存在を前提とする)。あるいは、共同不法行為(交通事故等)による損害賠償請求の共同被告(加害者AとB)のうち、第一審でAが敗訴し、Bが勝訴した場合に、Bも敗訴して損害賠償責任を負うことになれば、Aがこれに求償できるという利益を有するから、Aは、自己の敗訴判決に控訴しないときは原告(被害者)側に補助参加する利益を有する。しかし、この利益は法的利益でなければならないから、感情的利害関係はもちろん、当事者の一方が敗訴したら財産が減少するからこれに対して強制執行することが困難になる、あるいは贈与を受けることができなくなるというような、単なる経済的利害関係を有する場合は、補助参加の利益はない。前記の例において、訴訟当事者の受けた判決の効力が補助参加人に及ぶわけではない。当事者の訴訟の勝敗によって実体法的に利害関係をもてば、補助参加できるのである。補助参加人は、補助参加のときにおいて被参加人(訴訟当事者)のできるいっさいの訴訟行為、すなわち攻撃防御方法の提出、異議の申立て、上訴の提起、再審の訴えの提起等ができる。ただ、訴訟の当事者は被参加人であり、参加人(補助参加人)はあくまでも被参加人を補助することを通して自己の利益を守るのであるから、被参加人の訴訟行為に抵触する訴訟行為をすることはできず、もしこれをしてもその効力を有しない。抵触しない訴訟行為は、被参加人がしたのと同じ効力を有する。参加人が参加した結果、裁判所が出した本案判決(門前払いではない、請求たる権利・義務の存否についての判断をした判決)は、一定の要件の下に、参加人に対しても効力を有する(民事訴訟法46条)。

[本間義信]

独立当事者参加

たとえば、債権者Zが債務者Xの不動産について強制執行の申立てをし、強制競売(けいばい)開始決定を得たのに、その不動産についてYがXを相手に所有権移転登記抹消請求訴訟を提起したような場合、XとYが共謀してZの強制執行を妨害しようとしていることもありうる。また、XとYの間である土地の所有権をめぐって所有権確認の訴えが係属しているときに、訴外のZもその土地が自分のものと考えている可能性もある。このようなとき、Zは、X・Y間の訴訟の結果により権利を害されると主張し、あるいは訴訟の目的となっている権利が自己の権利であることを主張して、その訴訟の当事者の双方または一方を相手方として、当事者としてその訴訟に参加することができる(民事訴訟法47条、前者の場合は詐害防止参加、後者の場合は権利主張参加という)。これにより、参加者Zの利益を守り、X・Y・Z三者間の紛争を一挙に解決しようというわけである。これを独立当事者参加という。この参加が行われた場合に、従来の当事者XまたはYの一方が争う気がなければ相手方の承諾を受けて訴訟から脱退することもできる(訴訟脱退という)。この場合、判決は脱退した当事者に対してもその効力を有する。

 現に訴訟で争われている権利を譲り受けたことを主張する者(権利承継人)は独立当事者参加の規定により参加をすることができ(同法49条、権利を譲り渡した従前の当事者の一方が訴訟から脱退すれば、当事者の交替になる)、参加すると、前当事者のそれまでの訴訟追行の結果を承継することになる。訴訟の係属中第三者がその訴訟の目的である義務を承継したときは(義務承継人)、裁判所は、当事者の申立てにより、その第三者に訴訟を引き受けさせることができる(同法50条)。また、義務承継人も従前の訴訟追行の結果が自己に有利である(勝てる)と思えば自ら訴訟参加できる。一方、権利承継人であっても不利(負ける)と思えば積極的には参加しないであろうから、この場合、当事者の申立てにより、承継人に訴訟を引き受けさせることができる(同法51条)。なお、義務承継人の場合も、訴訟脱退、訴訟追行の結果の承継は、権利承継人の場合と同様である。

[本間義信]

共同訴訟参加

株主総会決議取消訴訟のように、判決の合一確定が要求される(会社法838条)とき、原告となっていない株主が、すでに係属している訴訟の原告側に参加する場合のように、訴訟の目的が当事者の一方および第三者について合一にのみ確定すべき場合には、その第三者は、共同訴訟人としてその訴訟に参加することができる。これを共同訴訟参加という(民事訴訟法52条)。

 以上の訴訟参加について、当事者は参加できる第三者に対して、訴訟の告知をすることができ、これをしたときは告知を受けた者が参加しなくても、判決の効力を受ける(同法53条)。

[本間義信]

行政訴訟における訴訟参加

民事訴訟における訴訟参加は任意参加であるが、行政訴訟においては、それに加えて職権による強制参加がある。抗告訴訟の請求認容判決は対世的効力を有する(行政事件訴訟法32条1項)から、訴訟の結果につき直接の利害関係を有するが訴訟の当事者になっていない者にも、認容判決の効力は及ぶ。このような第三者に攻撃防御方法の提出の機会を与え、その者に当事者権を保障する必要がある。そのために、裁判所は、訴訟の結果により権利を害される第三者があるときは、当事者もしくはその第三者の申立てによりまたは職権で、その第三者を訴訟に参加させることができる(同法22条1項)。たとえば、労働組合または労働者の救済申立てを棄却する労働委員会の命令の取消訴訟に、使用者を、当該訴訟の結果により権利を害される可能性のある第三者として、参加させるような場合である。また、行政処分に関与した行政庁は、当該処分について資料・知識・経験等を有するが、かならずしも訴訟当事者になるとは限らない。訴訟において、これらの資料等を利用する必要があると裁判所が判断した場合には、当事者もしくはその行政庁の申立てによりまたは職権で、当該行政庁を訴訟に参加させることができる(同法23条1項)。

[本間義信]

[参照項目] | 訴え | 共同訴訟 | 攻撃防御方法 | 訴訟 | 訴訟行為 | 訴訟承継 | 訴訟当事者

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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