Peace agreement - Wagi

Japanese: 和議 - わぎ
Peace agreement - Wagi

In legal terms, it refers to the procedure for preventing bankruptcy that was provided for in the Composition Act (Act No. 72 of 1922), which was abolished when the Civil Rehabilitation Act (Act No. 225 of 1999) was enacted in 1999. In addition to the composition procedures under the Composition Act, the old Bankruptcy Act provided for "compulsory composition that assumes a bankruptcy declaration," but with the complete revision of the Bankruptcy Act, compulsory composition was also abolished, and compulsory composition does not exist under the current Bankruptcy Act.

It is generally believed that a composition is a kind of agreement or contract that is concluded when a cause for bankruptcy arises for a debtor and the debtor is in a state where he/she is likely to be declared bankrupt, with the assistance and supervision of the court or other public institution, for the purpose of the debtor avoiding the declaration of bankruptcy and at the same time the creditors receive more favorable repayment than in the case of bankruptcy. It is of the same nature as the compulsory composition stipulated in the old Bankruptcy Act in that it is established by the debtor's offer of a composition and the consent of a statutory majority of creditors to it, and takes effect with the approval of the court, but since it does not assume bankruptcy but aims to prevent it, the composition under the Composition Act was called a "non-bankruptcy composition" or "bankruptcy prevention composition".

However, there was criticism that this composition procedure did not have any institutional provisions to completely ensure the implementation of the composition after its approval, and that the cause for initiating the composition was the same as the cause of bankruptcy. In response to such criticism, the Legislative Council began deliberations on amending the Bankruptcy Act in 1996, and as a result, the Composition Act was abolished and the Civil Rehabilitation Act was enacted. The main purpose of the Civil Rehabilitation Act was to correct the shortcomings of the composition procedure under the Composition Act, as mentioned above.

[Takeyoshi Uchida and Tetsuo Kato]

[References] | Compulsory Composition | Bankruptcy | Civil Rehabilitation Act

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

法律上の意義としては、1999年(平成11)に民事再生法(平成11年法律第225号)が制定されると同時に廃止された和議法(大正11年法律第72号)により規定されていた破産予防のための手続をいう。なお、この和議法による和議手続とは別に旧破産法において「破産宣告を前提とする強制和議」が設けられていたが、破産法の全面改正により、強制和議も廃止され、現行の破産法では強制和議は存在しない。

 和議は、債務者に破産原因が生じ、破産宣告を受けるような状態になった場合に、裁判所その他の公の機関の補助・監督のもとに、債務者は破産宣告を免れると同時に、債権者も破産の場合に比べて有利な弁済を受けることを目的として締結される一種の合意ないし契約であったとするのが通説である。それは債務者による和議の提供と、これに対する法定多数の債権者の同意によって成立するとともに、裁判所の認可によってその効力を生ずる点では、旧破産法が規定していた強制和議と同じ性質のものであったが、破産宣告を前提とせずに、これを食い止めることを目的とする点で、和議法上の和議は「破産外の和議」または「破産予防の和議」とよばれていた。

 しかし、この和議手続では認可後の和議の履行の確保を完全に担保する制度的手当てがなされていなかったことや、和議開始原因が破産原因と同じであったことに対する批判が存在していた。このような批判を受けて、1996年(平成8)より法制審議会において倒産法改正の審議が始まり、その結果、和議法が廃止されて、民事再生法が制定された。民事再生法の登場は、和議法による和議手続について上述のように指摘されてきた欠点を是正するところにその主眼があった。

[内田武吉・加藤哲夫]

[参照項目] | 強制和議 | 破産 | 民事再生法

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