Right of offset

Japanese: 相殺権 - そうさいけん
Right of offset

When two people have claims with the same purpose, one of them can, by expressing his/her intention, extinguish the other's claims and debts in equal amounts. It is a type of right of formation. There are set-off rights under the Civil Code and set-off rights stipulated in other laws (Bankruptcy Act, Civil Rehabilitation Act, Corporate Reorganization Act, etc.).

[Yoshinobu Homma]

Set-off rights under civil law

When two people have claims against each other, transferring cash to pay off each other's debts is wasteful and there is a risk of it being lost. For one party to have to pay its debts when it has no assets and cannot do so would violate the fairness between the two parties, so offsetting is permitted (from the former perspective, offsetting functions as a simple settlement, while from the latter perspective, it can be said to function as a security. Civil Code Article 505 et seq.). The conditions for offsetting are as follows:
(1) Both claims are in a state of offsetting. In other words, there are two claims with the same purpose, and both are due for payment. (However, the claim to be offset - called the passive claim, and the claim to be offset - called the active claim - does not have to be due for payment.)
(2) The nature of both claims allows for offsetting.
(3) Set-off is not prohibited (set-off of a tort claim as a passive claim; Civil Code Article 509. Set-off of a non-attachable claim as a passive claim is prohibited).
There is.

[Yoshinobu Homma]

Set-off rights under the Bankruptcy Act

When a bankruptcy creditor owes a debt to a bankrupt person, the right of set-off under the Bankruptcy Law allows the creditor to set off the debt without going through bankruptcy proceedings (Bankruptcy Law, Article 67 and following). This right is allowed because it would be cruel to the bankruptcy creditor if it were not allowed, but at the same time, if it were allowed without limit, the creditor may devise an unfair scheme (for example, buying the debt against the bankrupt person (so-called bad debt) at a low price and offsetting it with their own debt), so it is necessary to limit this right (Bankruptcy Law, Article 71). In addition, since bankruptcy is a liquidation procedure, it must be completed by an appropriate time. It is not possible to wait without doing anything until the due date of a time-limited debt. Therefore, even if the due date of a debt against a bankrupt person (bankruptcy debt) has not yet arrived at the time of the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, it is considered to have arrived at the time of the commencement (this is called the presentment of a bankruptcy debt; Bankruptcy Law, Article 103, Paragraph 3). In this respect, the right of set-off is expanded in the Bankruptcy Law compared to the Civil Code (Bankruptcy Law, Article 67, Paragraph 2). In addition to the Bankruptcy Act, the Civil Rehabilitation Act (Articles 92 et seq.) and the Corporate Reorganization Act (Articles 48 et seq.) also provide for the right of set-off.

[Yoshinobu Homma]

[References] | Formation rights | Bankruptcy

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

2人が互いに同種の目的をもつ債権をもっている場合に、一方の者がその意思表示によって互いの債権・債務を対当額で消滅させることができる地位。形成権の一種である。民法上の相殺権と、その他の法律(破産法、民事再生法、会社更生法など)で定められる相殺権がある。

[本間義信]

民法上の相殺権

2人が互いに債権をもちあうときに、現金を動かしてそれぞれの債務を支払い合うのはむだであるし紛失の危険もある。一方が資産を有せず自己の債務を弁済できないのに、相手方が弁済しなければならないとするのは、両者間の衡平に反するところから、相殺が認められる(前者の視点からみると、相殺は簡易な決済としての機能をもち、後者の視点からは、担保的機能をもつといえる。民法505条以下)。相殺ができるための条件として、
(1)双方の債権が相殺適状にあること。すなわち、二つの同種の目的をもつ債権が存在し、その双方が弁済期にあること(ただし、相殺される側の債権――これを受働債権といい、相殺をしようとする側の債権を自働債権という――は弁済期が到来している必要はない)
(2)双方の債権が性質上相殺を許すものであること
(3)相殺を禁止されていないこと(不法行為債権を受働債権とする相殺。民法509条。差押え禁止債権を受働債権とする相殺は、禁止されている)
がある。

[本間義信]

破産法上の相殺権等

破産債権者が破産者に対して債務を負担している場合に、破産手続によらないで相殺をなしうる地位を破産法上の相殺権という(破産法67条以下)。これを認めないと破産債権者に酷であるから認められるのであるが、同時に、無制限に認めると、債権者が不当な画策をする(たとえば、破産者に対する債権(いわゆる不良債権)を安く買って、これで自己の債務と相殺するなど)可能性があるので、これを制限する必要がある(同法71条)。また、破産は清算手続であるから、適当な時期までに終わらせる必要がある。期限付の債権の期限の到来まで何もせず待っていることはできない。それで、破産者に対する債権(破産債権)は、破産手続開始の時点で履行期が到来していなくても、開始時に履行期が到来したものとみなされる(これを破産債権の現在化という。破産法103条3項)。この点で、破産法においては、民法におけるよりも、相殺が拡張される(同法67条2項)。破産法以外に、民事再生法(92条以下)、会社更生法(48条以下)などでも、相殺権が定められている。

[本間義信]

[参照項目] | 形成権 | 破産

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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