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An old-style commercial financial institution in China. Its predecessor was the money exchange business Duifang in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Qiandian and Qianpu in the Ming Dynasty, which conducted exchange of silver, copper coins, and paper money. In the Qing Dynasty, they were called Qianpu, Qianzhuang, Yinhao, and Tiaohao. Since the beginning of the 19th century, they have issued Qiantiao, Gintiao, and Kuipiao, and have handled deposits and loans of coins and silver, and exchange bills, and have come to have almost the actual substance of original banking business. Since the opening of the Five Ports in 1842, foreign banks have advanced into China, and even after modern banks were established, Qianzhuang continued to thrive by linking it to the old Chinese production style in addition to providing easy loans based on credit. Since the mid-Qing Dynasty, merchants from Shaoxing in Zhejiang have advanced into Shanghai, expanding their influence and replacing the traditional Shanxi merchants. However, after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the government began to strictly supervise and reorganize financial institutions, banning speculative activities by money mangers, and promoting public-private joint ventures and investment in the productive sector. By 1953, money mangers had almost disappeared.

[Shigeo Sakuma]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国の旧式の商業金融機関。その前身は両替商である南宋(なんそう)の兌房(だぼう)、明(みん)の銭店、銭鋪(せんぽ)であり、銀、銅銭、紙幣などの両替を業務としたもので、清(しん)代には銭鋪、銭荘、銀号、票号などと称された。19世紀の初め以来、銭票、銀票、会票などを発行し、銭、銀の預金、貸付、為替(かわせ)手形を扱って、本来の銀行業務の実体をほぼ備えるに至った。1842年の五港開港以来、外国銀行が進出し、近代銀行が設立されてからも、銭荘は信用による手軽な融資に加えて、古い中国の生産形態と結び付いて繁栄を続けた。その経営には清の中期以来、浙江(せっこう)の紹興(しょうこう)出身の商人が上海(シャンハイ)を中心に進出し、従来の山西商人にかわり勢力を拡大した。しかし1949年中華人民共和国の成立以後、政府は金融機関の厳重な監督と整理を行い、銭荘の投機的活動は禁止されるとともに、公私合営化と生産部門への投資が推進され、53年には銭荘はほとんど消滅した。

［佐久間重男］

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