Possession of a god

Japanese: 神がかり - かみがかり
Possession of a god

The phenomenon of a deity or other spiritual being possessing a person. It is also written as kamikari or kamitsuki. The phenomenon of "kamigakari" is a narrower concept than the phenomenon of spirit possession. The words hyōrei and hyōri refer to the possession of a spiritual being on various things such as people, objects, and natural objects, whereas the word kamigakari is generally used only to refer to the possession of a person.

Generally, possession is accompanied by a trance state (usually a state of reduced consciousness) to some degree. That is, when a person is possessed by a spiritual being, the face becomes flushed, the whole body goes into convulsions, or the person yawns repeatedly, and shows a different mental and physical state than usual. During this time, the spiritual being possesses the person, and the possessed person's personality becomes spiritualized, and the person acts as the spiritual being himself or is influenced by it from the outside.

The spiritual beings that can possess a person include various types of gods, spirits of the dead, ancestral spirits, spirits, living spirits, animal spirits, and monsters.

Possession can be intentional or unintentional. The former is the case of shamanistic figures such as priests and shrine maidens, who intentionally or spontaneously become possessed by a spirit and, as an intermediary between spiritual beings and humans, perform oracles, prophecies, and healing. For example, shrine maidens in Miyako Island, Okinawa Prefecture, are called Kamu(n) Kakariya (people possessed by spirits). The latter is a form of spirit possession seen widely around the world, where a spiritual being suddenly or gradually possesses a person, and the person behaves in a trance-like state as if they have lost their mind. In such cases, a shaman determines the true identity of the possessed object and performs an exorcism ritual, and the person often returns to normal. In Japan, it is said that living spirits, dead spirits, foxes, raccoon dogs, dog gods, snakes, cats, and dogs are the most common spirits that are possessed by people. In other countries, possession by demons, tigers, and crocodiles are well known. Shamans who specialize in intentional possession are often initially chosen by a spirit, and then repeatedly experience unintentional possession. There are two types of possession: possession, in which a spiritual being enters the human body, and inspiration or possession, in which a spiritual being exerts an influence from the outside.

[Hiroki Sasaki]

Well-known examples of shamans who have undergone special training and acquired spiritual powers include the Itako of the Tohoku region, the Mitake ascetics of the Kanto and Chubu regions, and the Noro of Okinawa. The Ontake sect is characterized by the fact that two ascetics, one in the Nakaza and one in the Maeza, are possessed by a god and give oracles. Omoto Kagura, prominent in the San'in region, is centered around oracle-giving ceremonies in which the ascetics are possessed by a god. The fact that the founders of emerging religions are often originally shamans who are possessed by a god is an important clue in tracing the connection with folk beliefs.

[Masaru Sasaki]

"Komatsu Kazuhiko, 'Theory of Spirit Possession' (1982, Dento to Gendaisha)""Sasaki Hiroki, 'Anthropology of Shamanism' (1984, Kobundo)""Yoshida Teigo, 'Possession in Japan: A Social Anthropological Study' (1972, Chuokoron-Shinsha)"

[References] | Shamanism | Possession

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

神霊その他の霊的存在が人身にのりうつること。神懸り、神憑りとも表記する。「神がかり」現象は、憑霊(ひょうれい)・憑依現象spirit possessionよりも狭い概念である。憑霊・憑依の語は、人物・事物・自然物などさまざまなものへの霊的存在ののりうつりを意味するのに対して、神がかりの語は、概して人物へののりうつりに限り用いられることが多いからである。

 一般に神がかりは多少ともトランス(通常意識の低下)状態を伴う。すなわち、ある人物に霊的存在がのりうつる際には、顔面が紅潮し、全身が痙攣(けいれん)し、あるいはあくびを繰り返し、常とは異なる心身状態を示す。この間に霊的存在が当人にのりうつり、のりうつられた人物は、人格が霊格化し、霊的存在自身として行動するか、または外側からその影響を受けて行動するかする。

 のりうつる霊的存在には、神霊、死霊、祖霊、精霊、生霊、動物霊、妖怪(ようかい)など種々ある。

 神がかりには意図的なものと非意図的なものとがある。前者は巫者(ふしゃ)・巫女(みこ)などシャーマン的人物の場合で、意図的、自発的に神がかり状態になり、霊的存在と人間との媒介者として、託宣、予言や治病行為などを行う。沖縄県宮古島で巫女のことをカム(ン)カカリヤー(神がかりする人)とよぶことなどその例である。後者は世界各地に広くみられる憑霊の一形態であり、突発的または徐々にある人物に霊的存在がのりうつり、その人物は正気を失ったかのようにトランス状態でふるまう場合である。こうした人物は、シャーマンの判断により、憑依している対象の正体が明らかにされ、祓霊(ふつれい)儀礼を執り行うと常態に復することが多い。日本では生霊、死霊、キツネ、タヌキ、犬神、ヘビ、ネコ、イヌが多く憑(つ)くとされる。外国では悪魔憑き、トラ憑き、ワニ憑きなどが知られている。意図的神がかりを事とするシャーマンも、最初は神霊に選ばれて、非意図的神がかりを繰り返す例が多い。神がかりには、霊的存在が人体内に入り込む憑入型と、外側から影響を与える霊感型または憑感型とがある。

[佐々木宏幹]

 特別の修行を積んで霊能を備えた巫者としては、東北地方のイタコ、関東・中部地方の御嶽(みたけ)行者、沖縄のノロなどがよく知られている。御嶽講は中座と前座の2人の行者によって、神がかりして託宣するのが特徴である。山陰地方に顕著な大元神楽(おおもとかぐら)は、神がかりによる託宣行事を中心としている。新興宗教の教祖の前身が、神がかりをする巫者であったりする場合が少なくないのは、民俗信仰とのつながりをたどるうえで重要な鍵(かぎ)となろう。

[佐々木勝]

『小松和彦著『憑霊信仰論』(1982・伝統と現代社)』『佐々木宏幹著『シャーマニズムの人類学』(1984・弘文堂)』『吉田禎吾著『日本の憑きもの――社会人類学的考察』(1972・中央公論社)』

[参照項目] | シャーマニズム | 憑き物

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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