Shi Tao

The first painter of the Qing Dynasty in China. His real name was Zhu Ruoji. Shi Tao was his pen name. After he became a monk, he took the Buddhist name Daoji or Yuan Ji. His pen names included Qing Xiang Chen Ren and Da Tianzi, and in his later years he also called Kugao Shou and Katsu Venerable. He painted a wide range of subjects, including Taoism, Buddhism, the Four Noblemen, flowers and birds, and landscapes, but he excelled in landscapes, creating his own unique style that was not bound by established methods and producing elegant works. He was a relic painter of the Ming royal family, and met with Emperor Kangxi twice to present him with paintings. He was born in the royal palace (Guilin) ​​of Jingjiang King Zhu Hengjia, and witnessed the fall of the Ming Dynasty in his childhood. He fled to Wuchang (Hubei Province), became a monk and studied painting and calligraphy. At the age of 21, he studied Zen at Ryoan Hongetsu in Songjiang, and from the age of 25 to 39, he lived in a temple in Xuancheng (Anhui Province), where he associated with notables such as Mei Qing and enjoyed the scenic beauty of Huangshan. He spent the next 10 years at Yizhi Pavilion of Changgan Temple in Nanjing, then went to Beijing to study ancient painting and collaborated with Wang Yuanqi. From the age of 51 (1693), he settled in Yangzhou and made a living as a painter. His representative works include "Fine Rain and Pine Trees" (1687, Shanghai Art Museum), "Yellow Mountain Scroll" and "Lushan View of the Waterfall" (all at the Sen'yaku Hakuko Museum, Kyoto), and his written works include "Painting Sayings."

[Shinya Hoshiyama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、清(しん)初の画家。俗名朱若極。石濤は字(あざな)。出家して法名を道済(どうさい)または原(げん)（元）済(さい)。号は清湘陳人(せいしょうちんじん)、大滌子(だいてきし)など、晩年には苦瓜和尚(くがおしょう)、瞎(かつ)尊者とも号した。手がけた画(え)は広く、道釈、四君子(しくんし)、花鳥、山水にわたったが、とくに山水に優れ、既成の方法にとらわれない独自の個性的画風を創出し、格調ある作品を描いた。明(みん)王室出身の遺民画家であるが、康煕(こうき)帝に二回謁見して画作を奉上している。靖江王朱亨嘉(しゅこうか)の子として王府（桂林(けいりん)）に生まれ、幼年期に明朝の滅亡に遭遇、武昌(ぶしょう)（湖北省）に逃れ、出家して書画を学ぶ。21歳、松江(しょうこう)で旅菴本月について禅を修め、25歳から39歳まで宣城（安徽(あんき)省）の寺に住して梅清(ばいせい)ら名士と交わり、また黄山の景勝に親しむ。次の10年を南京(ナンキン)長干寺一枝閣に過ごしたのち、北京(ペキン)に上り古画を学び王原祁(おうげんき)と共作を行った。51歳（1693）以降、揚州に定住して画作で生計をたてた。代表作は『細雨虬松(きゅうしょう)図』（1687・上海(シャンハイ)美術館）、『黄山図巻』『廬山観瀑(ろざんかんばく)図』（いずれも京都・泉屋博古(せんおくはくこ)館）など、著作に『画語録』がある。

［星山晋也］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例