Vegetables that originated in China or were developed in China are collectively called Chinese vegetables. The history of Chinese vegetables is long, and the 6th century book "Qi Min Yao Shu" already described how to cultivate over 50 types of vegetables. Many of these were brought to Japan, and many more were introduced from China and became Japanese vegetables. Therefore, the vegetables currently considered Chinese are the new varieties that were introduced after 1975 (Showa 50). Main Chinese vegetables include Chinese cabbage (bamboo shoots, bok choy, pak choi, tatsoi), mustard (water parsley, zha cai, mustard root), radish (green radish, red heart radish, red round radish, red long radish), stem lettuce, edible shepherd's purse, pea sprouts (tou miyao), coriander, Chinese cabbage, Chinese radish (the flower stems and buds of which are eaten), Chinese radish, Chinese broccoli, Chinese chives, golden needle cabbage (licorice), fruit vegetables such as eggplant, white cucumber, hami melon, wax gourd, and the aquatic vegetables such as wild rice and water chestnut. In addition, water spinach, Amaranth, morning glory, snake gourd, and loofah are also sometimes called Chinese vegetables, but strictly speaking, they are southern vegetables mainly found in Southeast Asia and India. [Hiroshi Yuasa] cookingChina has a wide variety of cuisines, and different vegetables are used accordingly. Green vegetables are often stir-fried in oil, but when they are stir-fried in hot oil for a short time (bao) or oil bomb (youbao), they have a vibrant green finish and retain their nutrients. For the slow-stir-frying method (you ya tsai), bean sprouts are repeatedly doused in hot sesame oil. Other time-consuming vegetable dishes include pa, in which vegetables such as Chinese cabbage are simmered for a long time over low heat, and shan, sao, and chong, in which the insides of peppers, cucumbers, and squash are hollowed out and stuffed. Among these, tongko watillon, made by stuffing squash with meat and vegetables and steaming it, is a special delicacy and is used as a celebratory dish, with auspicious characters carved into the surface of the squash. Colorful radishes are cut into the shape of roses and used to decorate the dinner table. Luo pokao (蘿蔔糕) is a rice cake made by mixing finely chopped boiled radish with ground non-glutinous rice and steaming it. Vegetables can be preserved by drying or pickling. Golden needle cabbage, made from dried liquorice buds, is used as a soup ingredient. In Beijing, dried eggplant slices are also made. The famous zha cai (覨菜) is made by drying the stems in the shade, pickling them in rock salt, and adding chili peppers, ginger, Japanese pepper, fennel, and liquorice (legume family) to add flavor. Pickling has a long tradition in China, and the 6th century "Qi Min Yaoshu" already described 37 types of pickles, including xianzi (salted pickles), zizi (instant pickles), zizi (bran pickles), tsuanmei (pickled plums), tangzi (fried and pickled in vinegar), chiezhu (mustard pickles), and guawazuchiu (melon pickled in wine). [Hiroshi Yuasa] ©Shogakukan "> Chinese kailan This is made by drying the buds of the lily family, Lily of the Valley, just before they bloom. It is also called Yellow Flower Vegetable. It is widely used in soups, stir-fries, and other dishes. ©Shogakukan "> Golden needle vegetable Also called coriander or shancai (Coriander) ©Shogakukan "> Cilantro (Coriander) ©Shogakukan "> Stem lettuce Dried green stem lettuce ©Shogakukan "> Stem lettuce (mountain jellyfish) ©Shogakukan "> Chinese radish (red heart) ©Shogakukan "> Bok choy ©Shogakukan "> Wax gourd Young pea vines and leaves picked ©Shogakukan "> Bean sprouts ©Shogakukan "> Pakchoi Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中国を原産あるいは改良の中心地とする野菜を中国野菜と総称する。中国の野菜の歴史は古く、6世紀の『斉民要術(せいみんようじゅつ)』には、すでに50種余りの野菜の栽培法が記述されている。その多くは日本にもたらされ、その後も中国から伝来し日本の野菜となったものは多い。したがって、現在、中国野菜として扱われるのは1975年(昭和50)以降に導入された新来の種類である。おもな中国野菜にはハクサイ類(タケノコハクサイ、チンゲンサイ、パクチョイ、タアサイ)、カラシナ類(セリホン、ザーサイ、根カラシナ)、ダイコン(青長(あおなが)大根、紅心(こうしん)大根、紅丸(べにまる)大根、紅長(べになが)大根)、ステムレタス(茎チシャ)、食用ナズナ、豆苗(トウミヤオ)(エンドウの苗)、コウサイ(コエンドロ)、キンサイ、花茎やつぼみを食べるコウサイタイ、サイシン、カイラン、ハナニラ、金針菜(チンチエンツアイ)(カンゾウ)、果菜類のナス、シロウリ、ハミウリ、トウガン、水生野菜のマコモ、オオクログワイなどがある。 なお、エンサイ、ヒユナ(バイアム)、ツルムラサキ、ヘビウリ、トカドヘチマなども中国野菜とよばれることがあるが、これらは厳密には、東南アジアやインドを中心とする南方野菜である。 [湯浅浩史] 料理中国は料理の種類が豊富であり、それに応じて野菜も使い分けられる。青菜は油で炒(いた)めることが多いが、高熱の油で瞬間的に炒める爆(パオ)あるいは油爆(ユーパオ)は、緑色が鮮やかに仕上がり、栄養が損なわれない。時間をかけた油炒めの油溌豆芽菜(ユーポートウヤーツアイ)は、もやしに熱したごま油を何回もかける料理。ほかにも手間をかける野菜料理に、ハクサイなどの野菜をとろ火で長時間煮る扒(パー)、ピーマンやキュウリやトウガンの中身をくりぬき詰め物をした鑲(シャン)、塞(ソー)、盅(チョン)がある。なかでもトウガンに肉や野菜を詰めて蒸した冬瓜盅(トンコワチヨン)は逸品で、祝い料理にされ、トウガンの表面にめでたい文字を彫って飾る。食卓の飾りには、色とりどりのダイコンをバラの花の形などに切って使う。蘿蔔糕(ルオポカオ)は、細かく刻んで煮たダイコンを粳米(うるちまい)をひいたのと混ぜて蒸した餅(もち)。野菜の保存には乾燥と漬物がある。カンゾウのつぼみを乾燥させた金針菜はスープ(湯(タン))の実として入れる。北京(ペキン)では輪切りの乾燥ナスもつくられている。有名なザーサイ(榨菜)は、茎を陰干しし、岩塩で漬け、トウガラシ、ショウガ、サンショウ、ウイキョウ、カンゾウ(マメ科)などで風味を出す。漬物は中国も長い伝統があり、すでに6世紀の『斉民要術』に、鹹菹(シエンツー)(塩漬け)、卒菹(ツーツー)(即席漬け)、酢菹(ツーツー)(糠(ぬか)漬け)、蔵梅(ツアンメイ)(梅漬け)、湯菹(タンツー)(炒め酢漬け)、芥菹(チエツー)(からし漬け)、瓜菹酒(コワツーチウ)(瓜(うり)酒漬け)、など37の漬物が記述されている。 [湯浅浩史] ©Shogakukan"> カイラン ユリ科の植物カンゾウの開花直前のつぼみを乾燥させたもの。黄花菜ともいう。スープ、炒め物をはじめ、料理に幅広く利用される©Shogakukan"> 金針菜 パクチー、シャンツァイ(香菜)ともいう©Shogakukan"> コエンドロ(コリアンダー) ©Shogakukan"> ステムレタス ステムレタスの青茎品種の干物©Shogakukan"> ステムレタス(山くらげ) ©Shogakukan"> 中国ダイコン(紅心) ©Shogakukan"> チンゲンサイ ©Shogakukan"> トウガン エンドウの若いつる先と葉を摘んだもの©Shogakukan"> 豆苗 ©Shogakukan"> パクチョイ 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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