Gasification of coal

Japanese: 石炭ガス化 - せきたんがすか(英語表記)gasification of coal
Gasification of coal

It is a process in which coal is treated with steam, oxygen, air, hydrogen, etc., either alone or in combination, to obtain gaseous fuel or synthetic raw material gas, whose active ingredients are hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, etc. Depending on the method of contact between coal and gasifying agent, it is classified into moving bed type, fluidized bed type, entrained bed type, etc., and the Lurgi process, Winkler process, and Koppers-Tcheck process, which were developed around 1930, are representative examples. Many gasifiers have been developed since then, but the basic format follows these methods. These gasification plants are still in operation in many countries, but they are only used on a small scale compared to coal utilization technologies for power generation and steelmaking. However, since coal reserves are larger than oil and natural gas, there are high expectations for coal as a future energy source, and new large-capacity gasification methods are being developed in various countries around the world, and many power plants using coal gasification combined cycle technology are in operation. In Japan, a practical-scale plant is in operation in Iwaki City, Fukushima Prefecture, which uses 17,000 tons of coal per day and generates 250,000 kilowatts of electricity.

[Akira Tomita]

Coal gasification technology

Basically, coal is pyrolyzed to produce pyrolysis gas, tar, and residual carbon, and the residual carbon is converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen using steam. Because the reaction with steam is endothermic, some method must be used to supply the heat of reaction, and various methods have been used. The most common method is to inject oxygen into the coal at the same time as the steam to burn some of the coal. Increasing the gasification temperature increases the yield of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, making it suitable as a raw material gas for synthesizing ammonia and methanol (methyl alcohol). Conversely, gasification at low temperature and high pressure increases the methane content, which increases the calorific value and allows it to be used as fuel gas. The gasification combined cycle power generation mentioned above uses the product gas, which is mainly composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, as fuel to generate electricity, but gasification under high temperature and high pressure conditions is the mainstream. This is because there are great operational advantages even though the calorific value is low.

[Akira Tomita]

[References] | Gasification | Clean Coal Technology | Coal | Coal Gas
Basic structure of a continuous gasifier
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Basic structure of a continuous gasifier

Operating conditions of various gasifiers and properties of the resulting gas
©Shogakukan ">

Operating conditions of various gasifiers and the gas obtained...

Improved entrained bed gasifier
©Shogakukan ">

Improved entrained bed gasifier

Coal gasification method
©Shogakukan ">

Coal gasification method

Combining coal gasification with combined cycle power generation.
©Shogakukan ">

Combining coal gasification and combined cycle power generation.


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

石炭に水蒸気、酸素、空気、水素などを単独に、あるいは併用して作用させ、水素、一酸化炭素、メタンなどを有効主成分とする気体燃料あるいは合成原料用ガスを得ることをいう。石炭とガス化剤との接触方法によって、移動床型、流動床型、噴流床型などに分類され、1930年ごろに開発されたルルギ法、ウィンクラー法、コッパーズ‐トチェック法はそれぞれの代表例である。その後いくつものガス化炉が開発されてきたが、基本的な形式はこれらの方式を踏襲している。これらのガス化プラントは現在も多くの国で稼動しているが、発電用や鉄鋼用の石炭利用技術に比べると小規模の利用にとどまっている。しかし、石炭の埋蔵量が石油や天然ガスに比べて大きいことから、今後のエネルギー源としての期待は大きく、現在世界各国で、大容量型の新しいガス化法が開発され、石炭ガス化複合発電技術を利用した発電所が数多く運転されている。日本においても、福島県いわき市で石炭使用量1日1万7000トン、発電量25万キロワットという実用規模プラントが運転されている。

[富田 彰]

石炭ガス化の技術

基本的には、石炭を熱分解して、熱分解ガス、タールおよび残存炭素とし、残存炭素を水蒸気を用いて一酸化炭素、水素に転化するものである。水蒸気との反応が吸熱反応であるため、反応熱をなんらかの方法で供給せねばならず、種々のくふうがされている。もっとも一般的には、水蒸気と同時に酸素を吹き込んで一部の石炭を燃焼させる方法が用いられる。ガス化温度を高くすると、水素、一酸化炭素の収率が増え、アンモニア、メタノール(メチルアルコール)を合成する原料ガスに適するようになり、逆に低温かつ高圧下でガス化すれば、メタン含量が増えるので発熱量が高くなり、燃料ガスとしての用途が生じる。前で述べたガス化複合発電は一酸化炭素、水素を主成分とする生成ガスを燃料として用いて発電するものであるが、高温高圧の条件下のガス化法が主流となっている。発熱量が低くても、操作上の利点が大きいためである。

[富田 彰]

[参照項目] | ガス化 | クリーンコールテクノロジー | 石炭 | 石炭ガス
連続式ガス化炉の基本構造
©Shogakukan">

連続式ガス化炉の基本構造

各種ガス化炉の操作条件と得られるガスの性質
©Shogakukan">

各種ガス化炉の操作条件と得られるガスの…

改良型噴流床ガス化炉
©Shogakukan">

改良型噴流床ガス化炉

石炭ガス化方式
©Shogakukan">

石炭ガス化方式

石炭ガス化と複合サイクル発電の組合せ
©Shogakukan">

石炭ガス化と複合サイクル発電の組合せ


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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