Red Cross - Sekijuji (English spelling) Red Cross

Japanese: 赤十字 - せきじゅうじ(英語表記)Red Cross
Red Cross - Sekijuji (English spelling) Red Cross

It generally refers to an organization that provides medical assistance to the wounded and sick and its emblem, a red cross on a white background.

[Shigeki Miyazaki]

Origin

Inspired by the medical care provided by volunteer nurses such as Nightingale during the Crimean War (1854), and the publication of Henri Dunant's "Memoirs of Solferino," which described his medical care experiences during the Italian War of Independence (1859) and the medical care measures for wounded soldiers based on those experiences, the Geneva Public Welfare Society appealed to influential people from various countries, and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was founded on October 29, 1863. The committee was a Swiss corporation, composed of Swiss nationals, with a membership of 25 or less, and its headquarters were located in Geneva, Switzerland. Its coat of arms was a red cross on a white background, and its motto was inter arma caritas (charity in war).

The Committee called on each country to establish an organization (National Red Cross Society) to provide medical care to the wounded and sick, and the following year in 1864 the Red Cross Convention for the Treatment of the Wounded and Sick in Time of War (Geneva Convention) was drawn up.

The first International Conference of the Red Cross was held at the Paris World's Fair in 1867, where the activities of the Red Cross were exhibited and witnessed by Japanese doctors and social workers Takamatsu Ryoun (1837-1916) and Sano Tsunetami. The results of the French-Prussian War in 1870 were demonstrated, and the results of the Red Cross and the Geneva Convention were demonstrated. This was also exhibited at the Vienna World's Fair in 1873, which helped popularize Red Cross activities.

In 1880, the International Committee of the Red Cross gave the name "Red Cross" to all relief societies that it accepted as members. The scope of their activities expanded from providing medical care to the wounded and sick on the battlefield to sending relief supplies, transmitting information about prisoners of war, and protecting civilians.

[Shigeki Miyazaki]

History in Japan

In Japan, Takamatsu Ryoun, who served in the army of Enomoto Takeaki during the Hakodate War in 1868 (Meiji 1), built the first Western-style field hospital based on the spirit of the Red Cross, and provided medical care to the wounded and sick without distinction between friend and foe. During the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877 (Meiji 10), Sano Tsunetami, Ogyu Yuzuru (1839-1910) and others organized the Hakuaisha, which provided medical care to the wounded and sick without distinction between friend and foe. This Hakuaisha was the predecessor of the Japanese Red Cross Society, and on May 22, 1887, the company changed its name to the Japanese Red Cross Society.

The first time the Japanese Red Cross provided medical care to the sick and injured was during the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, when nurses were sent to the Hiroshima Army Reserve Hospital. The lyrics of "Women's Military Song" (The sound of fire flares fades away...) were written in memory of the medical teams that lined up at Shinbashi Station and departed at that time. 108 nurses provided medical care during that war.

[Shigeki Miyazaki]

Organization and Activities

After World War I (1914-1918), in order to expand the activities of the Red Cross to peacetime, such as the prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis and infectious diseases, public health, and health education, a conference of representatives of the Red Cross Societies from the five major countries (England, America, France, Italy, and Japan) was held in 1919, when the United States proposed the establishment of the "National Federation of Red Cross Societies." The Federation was established on May 5 of the same year.

As a result, the term "International Red Cross" encompasses all national Red Cross Societies, the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Federation of Red Cross Societies. The highest decision-making body of the "International Red Cross" is the International Red Cross Congress, which meets in principle every four years. This Congress is made up of representatives of all national Red Cross Societies, countries party to the Geneva Conventions, the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Federation of Red Cross Societies.

The Geneva Convention did not initially specify the activities of the Red Cross, but the 1949 Convention for the Protection of War Victims stipulates that if the Protecting Power is unable to fully carry out the humanitarian tasks it performs under the Convention, the detaining power of the protected persons should request a humanitarian organization such as the International Committee of the Red Cross to take over those tasks and agree to their services. In addition, the activities and protection of medical personnel (doctors, nurses, etc.) belonging to each country's Red Cross Society are stipulated in addition to those of the military forces of each country.

Even during World War II, the activities of the Red Cross Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross in various countries were remarkable. The Japanese Red Cross Society provided relief to 33,156 people in 960 medical teams. The number of people killed in action or who died of illness totaled 1,356. At the International Committee of the Red Cross, the Central POW Information Bureau handled approximately 40 million cards, visited POW camps 1,100 times, and the Committee transported and distributed 450,000 tons of relief supplies to the camps. In Japan, even after the end of the fighting, the Red Cross played a major role on behalf of the government in negotiating with countries with which Japan had no diplomatic relations and in providing relief, such as with the issue of the return of prisoners of war in mainland China and Siberia.

The Red Cross has continued to carry out humanitarian activities, including protecting victims of armed conflicts around the world, as well as providing protection and relief to refugees.

[Shigeki Miyazaki]

insignia

The emblem of the Red Cross was created by reversing the colors of the Swiss flag with a white cross on a red background to pay tribute to Switzerland, which contributed to the founding of the Red Cross, and has two meanings. One is to show relief activities for the wounded and sick during armed conflicts, and the other is to show the Red Cross organizations and their members, namely the International Committee of the Red Cross, the Federation of Red Cross Societies, and National Red Cross Societies. In the former sense, the Red Cross emblem is also used by military medical institutions and medical personnel, who are not directly related to the Red Cross.

It has been repeatedly confirmed that the Red Cross emblem has no religious meaning. However, Islamic countries have insisted on using the red crescent (a red crescent moon) instead of the red cross emblem, and the use of the red crescent instead of the red cross is now permitted under treaty. Therefore, in these countries, national organizations are called "Red Crescent Societies", and the references to "national Red Cross Societies" in this article also apply to "Red Crescent Societies".

The Red Cross emblem may not be used for any other purpose than in the activities of the medical services and personnel mentioned above, except for ambulances and free aid stations authorized by the Red Cross.

[Shigeki Miyazaki]

"Unarmed Warriors: The International Red Cross" edited by Hans Magnus Enzensberger and translated by Chihaya Koyama (2003, Shinhyoron)""The Homeland of the Red Cross: On the Geneva Conventions" by Kitano Susumu (2003, Yuzankaku)""The Red Cross and Henri Dunant: The Conflict between War and Humanity" by Fukiura Tadamasa (Chuko Shinsho)""A Civilized History of War and Relief: The Red Cross and the Origins of International Humanitarian Law" by Inoue Tadao (PHP Shinsho)"

[References] | Tsunetami Sano | Geneva Convention | Dunant | Japanese Red Cross Society

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

傷病者救護の組織と、その記章である白地に赤十字を一般に意味している。

[宮崎繁樹]

発祥

クリミア戦争(1854)におけるナイチンゲールら篤志看護師の傷病者救護活動に刺激され、イタリア統一戦争(1859)の際の救護体験とそれに基づく傷病兵救護策を記述したアンリ・デュナンの『ソルフェリーノの思い出』の出版が契機となって、ジュネーブ公益協会が各国の有力者に呼びかけ、1863年10月29日、赤十字国際委員会(ICRC:International Committee of the Red Cross)が創立された。同委員会はスイス法人で、スイス国民により構成され、委員の数は25名以下で、本部はスイスのジュネーブに置かれた。紋章は白地に赤十字、標語はinter arma caritas(戦いのなかにも博愛を)とされた。

 委員会は、各国に傷病者救護のための組織(各国赤十字社)の設立を呼びかけ、翌1864年には戦時傷病者救護のための赤十字条約(ジュネーブ条約)が作成された。

 1867年のパリ万国博覧会のおりに、第1回赤十字国際会議が開催されて赤十字の活動も展示され、日本から訪れた医師で社会事業家の高松凌雲(りょううん)(1837―1916)、佐野常民(つねたみ)らもそれを見聞した。1870年のプロイセン・フランス戦争の結果、赤十字とジュネーブ条約の成果が実証され、1873年のウィーン万国博にもその模様が展示され、赤十字活動が普及した。

 1880年、赤十字国際委員会は、加盟を認めたすべての救恤(きゅうじゅつ)協会に「赤十字社」の名を与えることにした。その活動は、戦場における傷病者の救護から、救恤品の送付、捕虜の情報の伝達、文民の保護へとその範囲を広げた。

[宮崎繁樹]

日本における沿革

日本では、1868年(明治1)の箱館(はこだて)戦争のおりに榎本武揚(えのもとたけあき)軍に従軍した高松凌雲が赤十字の精神に基づき、初めて洋式の野戦病院をつくって敵味方の区別なく傷病者を救護した。また、1877年(明治10)の西南戦争のおりには、佐野常民、大給恒(おぎゅうゆずる)(1839―1910)らが博愛社を組織して敵味方の区別なく傷病者の救護にあたった。この博愛社が日本赤十字社の前身であり、1887年5月22日社名を日本赤十字社と改称した。

 日本赤十字社が傷病者救護にあたったのは、1894年の日清(にっしん)戦争が最初であり、広島陸軍予備病院に看護婦が派遣された。『婦人従軍歌』(火筒(ほづつ)の響き遠ざかる……)は、このとき新橋駅に整列して出発した救護班の姿に感じて作詩されたものである。同戦争では108名の看護婦が救護にあたった。

[宮崎繁樹]

組織と活動

第一次世界大戦(1914~1918)後、赤十字の事業を、平時における、肺結核・伝染病の予防、公共衛生、衛生教育などに広げるため、英米仏伊日の五大国赤十字社代表会議(1919)が開催された際、アメリカから「赤十字社連盟」の設立が提案された。そして、同年5月5日同連盟が設立された。

 その結果、「国際赤十字」は、各国赤十字社、赤十字国際委員会および赤十字社連盟を包含することとなった。「国際赤十字」の最高議決機関は、原則として4年ごとに開催される国際赤十字会議とする。同会議は、各国赤十字社、ジュネーブ諸条約加盟諸国、赤十字国際委員会ならびに赤十字社連盟の代表者によって構成される。

 ジュネーブ条約には、当初は赤十字の活動は明確化されていなかったが、1949年の戦争犠牲者保護条約では、利益保護国が条約に基づいて行う人道的任務を十分行いえない場合には、被保護者の抑留国は、赤十字国際委員会のような人道的団体にその任務を引き受けるよう要請し、その役務提供を承諾すべきものとしている。また、各国赤十字社に所属する衛生要員(医師、看護師など)についても、各国軍の衛生要員と並んでその活動、保護が規定されている。

 第二次世界大戦においても、各国赤十字社、赤十字国際委員会の活動は目覚ましく、日本赤十字社では、960の救護班、3万3156名が救護にあたった。戦死戦病死者は1356名に上った。赤十字国際委員会では、中央補虜情報局が取り扱ったカード約4000万枚、捕虜収容所訪問1100回、委員会が輸送し収容所に分配した救援物資45万トンであった。日本においては、戦闘終了後も、中国大陸、シベリア抑留者の帰還問題など、国交のない国との交渉、救援活動につき政府にかわって赤十字社が果たした役割は大きい。

 赤十字は、その後も世界各地で起こった武力紛争時における犠牲者の保護に加えて、難民の保護救済などにおいても、人道的活動を行っている。

[宮崎繁樹]

記章

赤十字の記章は、赤十字の創設に貢献したスイスに敬意を表するため、スイスの国旗の赤地に白十字の配色を反転してつくられたもので、二つの意味がある。一つは、武力紛争時における傷病者の救護活動を示すものであり、ほかの一つは、赤十字国際委員会、赤十字社連盟、各国赤十字社という赤十字組織とその構成員を示すものである。前者の意味で、赤十字社と直接関係はない軍隊の衛生機関や衛生要員も赤十字記章を使用している。

 赤十字記章には宗教的意味がないことが繰り返し確認されている。しかし、イスラム教諸国は赤十字記章にかえて赤新月(赤色の三日月)を使用することを主張し、現在では、条約上赤十字のかわりに赤新月を使用することが認められている。したがってその各国では国内組織を「赤新月社」とよび、本項目で「各国赤十字社」と述べてきたことは、そのまま「赤新月社」にも適用される。

 赤十字記章は、前記の衛生機関・要員、赤十字諸組織の活動以外に用いてはならない。しかし、赤十字社の許可を得た救急車と無料救護所については、例外的にその使用が認められている。

[宮崎繁樹]

『ハンス・マグヌス・エンツェンスベルガー編、小山千早訳『武器を持たない戦士たち――国際赤十字』(2003・新評論)』『北野進著『赤十字のふるさと――ジュネーブ条約をめぐって』(2003・雄山閣)』『吹浦忠正著『赤十字とアンリ・デュナン――戦争とヒューマニティの相剋』(中公新書)』『井上忠男著『戦争と救済の文明史――赤十字と国際人道法のなりたち』(PHP新書)』

[参照項目] | 佐野常民 | ジュネーブ条約 | デュナン | 日本赤十字社

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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