French mathematician, philosopher, and politician. Marquis. Born on September 17th in Libmont, Picardie, northern France. Raised as a girl until the age of eight, her physical development was significantly hindered, but her passion was intense, and d'Alembert described her as a "snow-covered volcano." She first studied in Reims and then at the University of Naval in Paris. She showed talent in mathematics at a young age, and at the age of 22, she was appointed a member of the Academie des Sciences in 1769 for her work "De Integrales" (1765). From 1773 to 1791, she served as a permanent secretary and wrote eulogies for deceased members. She also contributed to the Encyclopedia, and edited Pascal's "Pensées" and the complete works of Voltaire. In 1782, she was welcomed into the Academie Française, and in her inaugural lecture, she advocated the idea of a new academic discipline called "social mathematics," which aimed to unify the sciences through mathematics. When the Revolution broke out in 1789, he immediately participated as one of the last Enlightened thinkers. In 1791, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly from Paris and became chairman of the Committee of Public Education. In 1792, he reported to the Assembly, "The Educational Plan of the Revolutionary Assembly," which stated that the first objective of national education was "to establish true equality among citizens and to realize political equality recognized by law," and that "national education is a natural duty of the government." In 1792, he was elected to the National Assembly, and after serving as its chairman, he joined the Constitutional Committee. However, the so-called Girondist Constitution that he drafted was not adopted, and party conflict intensified, leading to the downfall of the Girondists. On March 29, 1794, after eight months on the run, he was arrested and found dead in a prison in Bourg-la-Renne. The cause of his death is unclear. His History of the Progress of the Human Mind (1795) was written during the short period of his flight and is considered the "testament of the century." With his encyclopedic knowledge and strong conviction in the progress of mankind, Condorcet was a fitting thinker to mark the end of the century of enlightenment. His other works include Discourse on Analysis (1785) and An Essay on the Possibility of Applying Analysis to the Voting of Majorities (1785). [Akihiro Sakai] "The History of the Progress of the Human Spirit, translated by Makoto Watanabe (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "The Educational Plan in the Revolutionary Assembly, translated by Makoto Watanabe (Iwanami Bunko)" [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの数学者、哲学者、政治家。侯爵。9月17日北フランス、ピカルディー地方のリブモンに生まれる。8歳まで女児として育てられたため、身体の発育は著しく阻害されたが、うちに秘めた情熱は激しく、ダランベールによって「雪に覆われた火山」と評された。初めランスで、ついでパリのナバル大学で学ぶ。若くして数学に才能を発揮し、22歳のときの業績『積分論』(1765)によって、1769年科学アカデミー会員となり、1773年から1791年まで常任幹事として物故会員の頌辞(しょうじ)を執筆する。他方『百科全書』にも協力し、またパスカルの『パンセ』やボルテールの全集を編集した。1782年アカデミー・フランセーズに迎えられ、その就任講演では、数学による諸科学の統一を意図した「社会数学」という新しい学問の理念を提唱した。 1789年大革命が勃発(ぼっぱつ)すると、啓蒙(けいもう)思想家の最後の一人としてただちにこれに参加。1791年パリから立法議会に選出され、公教育委員会の議長となる。1792年議会に報告した「革命議会における教育計画」は、国民教育の第一の目的を「市民の間に真の平等を確立し、法律によって認められている政治上の平等を実現すること」に置き、「国民教育は政府にとって当然の義務である」と規定している。1792年国民公会議員に選ばれ、その議長を経て憲法委員会に入ったが、彼の起草したいわゆるジロンド憲法草案は採択されないままに、党的抗争が激化し、ジロンド派は没落する。1794年3月29日、8か月に及ぶ逃亡生活ののち、彼自身も逮捕され、ブール・ラ・レンヌの牢獄(ろうごく)で死体となって発見された。その死因は明らかではない。『人間精神進歩の歴史』(1795)は、この逃亡中のごく短期間に執筆された「世紀の遺言書」である。コンドルセはその百科全書的な知識と人類の進歩に対する強い確信のゆえに、啓蒙の世紀の最後を飾るにふさわしい思想家であった。ほかに『解析論』(1785)、『解析学を多数決に適用しうるか否かに関する試論』(1785)がある。 [坂井昭宏] 『渡辺誠訳『人間精神進歩史』2冊(岩波文庫)』▽『渡辺誠訳『革命議会における教育計画』(岩波文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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