Severus, Lucius Septimius

Japanese: セウェルス（英語表記）Severus, Lucius Septimius

[Born] 146. Leptis Magna, North Africa
[Died] 211.2. Eboracum, Britain. Roman Emperor (reigned 193-211). Also called Septimius Severus. Founder of the Severan dynasty. Born of the knightly order (equites), he was active as a soldier. In 190 he was consul and governor of Upper Pannonia. Taking advantage of the confusion following the assassination of Emperor Commodus, he became emperor in 193 at Carnuntum and entered Rome. He disbanded the Praetorian Guard, requisitioned all legions to form a new defense force, and established legions in various regions. At the same time, he improved the treatment of soldiers. In terms of policy, he changed his focus on Italy, defeated Gaius Pescennius Niger to pacify the East, and divided Syria to prevent rebellions. To establish a dynasty, he appointed his son Caracalla as co-emperor and linked his own family line to the Antonine family. He also defeated Albinus, the co-emperor of the west, dividing Britain in two, and in 197 captured Ctesiphon, achieving a major victory over Parthia. In 202, he returned to Rome with Caracalla as co-regent. He died during an expedition to Britain, suffering from illness and Caracalla's defection. Severus aimed to expand imperial power, and recognized that the source of power lay in the military. He suppressed the Senate, and was also interested in the legal system, appointing legal scholars Domitius Ulpianus, Iulianus Paullus, and Amilius Papinianus. He also embarked on a controlled economy to increase financial resources, but he left behind a huge economic burden after his death due to the expansion of legions, increased soldier salaries, war expenses, the construction of colonies, and large construction projects.

Severus
Severus, Flavius Valerius

[raw]?
[Died] 307. Toles Tavernae, Gaul. Roman Emperor (reigned 306-307). A poor man from Illyricum who became a soldier and played an active role in Pannonia. In 305, he became co-emperor under Constantius I and ruled Pannonia, Italy, and Africa. In 306, he became a co-emperor together with Galerius. He imposed heavy taxes, which led to a rebellion in Rome. He was defeated by Maxentius and his father Maximianus, who led the rebellion, and was captured and executed.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]146. 北アフリカ，レプチス・マグナ
[没]211.2. ブリタニア，エボラクム
ローマ皇帝（在位 193～211）。セプチミウス・セウェルスとも呼ばれる。セウェルス朝の祖。騎士身分（エクイテス）の出身，軍人として活躍。190年執政官（コンスル），上パンノニア総督。コンモドゥス帝暗殺後の混乱に乗じ，193年カルヌンツムで皇帝に即位しローマに入る。近衛軍を解体して全軍団から新防衛軍を徴発し，軍団を各地に増設。同時に兵士の待遇も改善した。政策面ではイタリア偏重策を改め，ガイウス・ペスケンニウス・ニゲルを討って東方を平定，シリアを分割して反乱を予防した。王朝を開くため子のカラカラを副帝とし，みずからの家系をアントニヌス家に結びつけた。さらに西方の副帝アルビヌスを討ってブリタニアを二分し，197年クテシホンを落としてパルティアに大勝。202年カラカラを共治帝としてローマに帰還した。ブリタニアに遠征中，病とカラカラの離反に悩まされながら没した。セウェルスは帝権の拡大を目指し，権力の地盤が軍隊にあることを認め，元老院を抑圧，法制にも興味をもち，法学者ドミティウス・ウルピアヌス，イウリアヌス・パウルス，アミリウス・パピニアヌスを登用。また財源を増すため統制経済に踏み出したが，軍団増設，兵士給与の増加，戦費，植民市建設，大建築などのため死後多大の経済的負担を残した。

セウェルス
Severus， Flavius Valerius

[生]?
[没]307. ガリア，トレス・タベルナエ
ローマ皇帝 (在位 306～307) 。イリュリクムの貧民から軍人となり，パンノニアで活躍。 305年コンスタンチウス1世の下で副帝となり，パンノニア，イタリア，アフリカを支配。 306年にはガレリウスとともに正帝。重税を課したため，ローマ市に反乱が起り，これを指揮したマクセンチウスとその父マクシミアヌスに敗れて捕われ，処刑された。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

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