A Chinese philosophical term. A debate on the question of what human nature is. In ancient Chinese thought, human nature is something that humans are born with, and that it is passed down from heaven. Since heaven is good, human nature is also originally good, and the theory of nature in China, starting with Mencius, has been dominated by the theory of human nature that humans are good. However, in reality, there are many people with evil natures, and it was necessary to explain the reasons for their appearance. However, if one accepts the theory of evil nature as Xunzi does, it becomes impossible to explain the existence of good nature. Therefore, Gaozi said that changes in nature are due to the environment, and Yang Xiong of the Han dynasty believed that human nature is originally a mixture of good and evil. In the Tang dynasty, Han Yu advocated the theory of the three grades of nature, which states that there are three grades of nature: high, middle, and low, and came to believe that there is a distinction between good and evil in people's natures. In the Song dynasty, Zhu Xi divided the human mind into "original nature" (the innate nature) and its function, "temperamental nature," and recommended the development of the former through study. However, the word "nature" was ambiguous, and discussions proceeded without clearly defining it, so the theory of nature never saw any new developments. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
中国哲学用語。人間の本性は何か,という問題をめぐっての議論。中国古来の考え方では,性は,人間が生れながらにもっているものであり,しかもそれは天から受けているとする。天は善なるものであるから,人間の性も元来は善である,ということになり,中国の性論の中心は,孟子をはじめとして,性善説が占めてきている。ところが,現実には性悪の人間が多いので,その出現の理由を説明しなければならなかった。しかし,荀子のような性悪説をとるならば,逆に性善の存在を説明できなくなる。そこで,告子は,性質の変化は環境による,といい,漢代の揚雄は,人間の性には元来善悪が混交している,と考えたりしている。唐代になると,韓愈は性に上中下の三品があるとする性三品説を唱えて,人によって性質に善悪の区別がある,と考えるようになる。宋代に入ると,朱子は人間の心を「本然の性」 (もって生れた性質) とその働きの面の「気質の性」に分け,勉学によって前者を磨くことを推奨している。しかし,性という語が多義であり,それをはっきりと規定しないままに議論が進んだので,性論は,理論的には新しい発展をついにみることがなく終った。
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