Life table

Japanese: 生命表 - せいめいひょう(英語表記)life table
Life table

A person's lifespan is unpredictable from an individual standpoint, but when observed as a group, it is found to be governed by an extremely orderly law. Moreover, this law becomes clearer the larger the group being observed. From this perspective, as one method of measuring a person's lifespan, a group (usually 100,000 people) of the same age (usually age 0) is taken, and then a table is made listing the number of people alive at the beginning of each year, the number of people who died during that year, and the life functions calculated from this, such as the survival rate, mortality rate, and average life expectancy for each year. This is the life table, also known as the mortality table or the death-survival table.

[Takuji Kaneko and Mitsuo Sakaguchi]

kinds

Life tables are created based on mortality statistics, static population statistics, vital statistics, and the national census. Today's life tables include national life tables, which are created based on the national census and cover the entire population, and empirical life tables, which are created by life insurance companies for their insured populations. These are divided into male tables, female tables, and combined male/female tables according to gender. Among national life tables, those in which the life function is calculated for each age group based on the national census are called complete life tables, while those in which the life function is calculated for each age group (5 years, 10 years, etc.) based on estimated population are called simplified life tables. Empirical life tables are further divided into selection tables, truncated tables, and comprehensive tables, depending on whether they cover the insured's entire insurance period or exclude a certain period after joining.

[Takuji Kaneko and Mitsuo Sakaguchi]

History

Life tables have been created as far back as the Roman Empire, but early versions were incomplete. The first modern-style life table was created by British astronomer E. Harry. He published the Breslau Tables in 1693 based on church records from the city of Breslau (Wrocław) for five years from 1687 to 1691, laying the foundations for the development of the life insurance business. Because the creation of a life table requires the preparation of data such as demographic and mortality statistics, it was not until around 1850 that life tables covering a wide range of citizens began to be created in Britain and America. Later, as life insurance developed, mortality surveys were also conducted from the perspective of insurance, and many life tables began to be created in various countries in the second half of the 19th century.

The first official life table in Japan was the National Life Table, compiled in 1902 (Meiji 35) by Yano Tsuneta at the request of the Cabinet Statistics Bureau, based on data from 1891 to 1898. Thereafter, National Life Tables were compiled by the Cabinet Statistics Bureau, and after World War II, the responsibility was transferred to the Ministry of Health and Welfare (now the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare). Since the 10th life table (published in 1960), in addition to the complete life table based on the national census conducted every five years, there has been a simplified life table published annually, calculated from the number of deaths and estimated population from the annual vital statistics.

The first empirical life table was the Japan Three Company Table, which was created in 1910 by three life insurance companies, Japan, Meiji, and Imperial, based on their mortality experience from the time of their founding to 1905. In 1931 (Showa 6), the Japan Empirical Life Table was published based on the experience of 19 life insurance companies from 1912 to 1926 (Taisho 1 to 15). After World War II, the Japan All Company Life Table (abbreviated as the All Company Table) was created in 1969 (Showa 44) based on the experience of all life insurance companies from 1960 to 1963. The second All Company Table was created in 1974, the third All Company Table in 1981, and the fourth All Company Table based on the experience from 1979 to 1980 was published in 1985. Up until the second table, only the male table was used, but from the third table onwards, both the male and female tables were created. Currently, the Life Insurance Standard Life Table 2007 created by the Japan Actuarial Society is used.

[Takuji Kaneko and Mitsuo Sakaguchi]

"Life Table Research" edited by Yamaguchi Kiichi et al. (1995, Kokin Shoin)

[References] | Empirical Life Table | National Life Table | Harry

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

人の命数は、個人の立場からすれば予測できないものであるが、集団的に観察した場合には、そこにはきわめて整然とした法則が支配していることがわかる。しかもこの法則は、観察の対象となる集団が拡大すればするほど明瞭(めいりょう)となる。このような観点から、人の命数の測定手段の一つとして、同一年齢者(普通は0歳)の一団(普通は10万人)をとり、その後、各年度初頭における生存数とその年度中の死亡数、それから算出される各年度の生存率、死亡率および平均余命などの生命関数を列記した表がつくられている。これが生命表であり、死亡表、死亡生残(せいざん)表ともよばれる。

[金子卓治・坂口光男]

種類

生命表は、死亡統計、人口静態統計、人口動態統計および国勢調査に依存して作成される。今日の生命表には、国民全体を対象とし国勢調査などをもとに作成する国民生命表と、生命保険会社がその被保険者集団を対象として作成する経験生命表とがあり、性別に応じて男子表、女子表、男女合体表に分けられる。国民生命表のうち、国勢調査に基づいて各歳別に生命関数を算出したものを完全生命表、推計人口に基づいて年齢階級別(5歳、10歳など)に生命関数を算出したものを簡易生命表とよぶ。経験生命表はさらに、被保険者の全保険期間を対象とするか、加入後の一定期間を除外するかなどによって、選択表、截断(せつだん)表、総合表に分けられる。

[金子卓治・坂口光男]

沿革

生命表は、古くはローマ帝国時代にも作成されているが、初期のものは不完全なものであった。近代的な形式をとった生命表を初めて作成したのは、イギリスの天文学者E・ハリーである。彼は1687~1691年の5年間のブレスラウ(ブロツワフ)市の教会の記録を基礎にして、1693年に生命表(ブレスラウ表)を発表し、生命保険事業発展の基礎を築いた。生命表の作成には人口統計や死亡統計などの資料が整備されなければならないため、広範囲の国民を対象にした生命表がつくられるようになったのは1850年ごろになってからで、イギリスとアメリカにおいてである。その後、生命保険の発展に伴って死亡率の調査も保険の面から行われ、19世紀の後半には各国で多くの生命表がつくられるようになった。

 日本で最初の公式の生命表は、1902年(明治35)に矢野恒太(つねた)が内閣統計局の依頼を受けて1891~1898年の資料によって作成した国民生命表である。その後、国民生命表は内閣統計局によって作成され、第二次世界大戦後は厚生省(現厚生労働省)に移管されて、第10回生命表(1960年発表)以降は5年ごとの国勢調査に基づく完全生命表のほか、毎年の人口動態統計の死亡数と推計人口から計算され毎年発表される簡易生命表がある。

 経験生命表は1910年に日本、明治、帝国の3生命保険会社が、その創立時から1905年までの死亡経験をもとに作成した日本三会社表が最初のものである。その後1931年(昭和6)には、19生命保険会社の1912~1926年(大正1~15)の経験をもとに日本経験生命表が発表された。第二次世界大戦後は1969年(昭和44)に生命保険会社全社の1960~1963年の経験に基づいて日本全会社生命表(全会社表と略称)が作成された。その後、1974年に第2回、1981年に第3回の全会社表が作成され、1985年には1979~1980年の経験に基づいた第4回全会社表が発表されている。第2回のものまでは男子表のみであったが、第3回以降は男子表と女子表が作成された。現在は社団法人日本アクチュアリー協会作成の生保標準生命表2007が採用されている。

[金子卓治・坂口光男]

『山口喜一他編『生命表研究』(1995・古今書院)』

[参照項目] | 経験生命表 | 国民生命表 | ハリー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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