Hacienda - Ashienda (English spelling) hacienda

Japanese: アシエンダ - あしえんだ(英語表記)hacienda
Hacienda - Ashienda (English spelling) hacienda

Traditional large farms in the Spanish countries of Latin America. Together with plantations (modern large-scale agricultural management for cultivating commercial crops for export), they constitute the large-scale land ownership system (latifundio), which is cited as a factor in the underdevelopment of Latin America, especially in the stagnation of agriculture. Their characteristics include absentee landlords, the coexistence of commercial production and self-sufficiency production, a lack of capital and technology, the existence of vast uncultivated land, and patriarchal landlord-tenant relationships. Their formation dates back to the 17th century. The economic interest of Spanish settlers, which was initially focused exclusively on mining, gradually shifted to agriculture as the indigenous communities declined as food suppliers. Then, with the decline of Atlantic trade due to the Spanish depression, new large and complex production organizations (agro-pastoral, agro-industrial, etc.) were formed, favored by capital movements and official recognition of landholdings. The main change is in the employment form of the labor force, along with the transition from a mining economy to an agricultural economy. That is, the indigenous labor force that was initially recruited under the encomienda system (a system in which the Spanish king entrusted colonists with the governance of the inhabitants of conquered territories under the pretext of Christianizing the indigenous people) became difficult to maintain as the indigenous population rapidly declined, and farm owners began to directly employ indigenous people and have them settle on their farms (peons). As a result, the disintegration of indigenous communities progressed further. As the haciendas developed, they also proliferated minifundios (small-scale farms) in the surrounding areas through tenant farming relationships as a source of temporary labor separate from the peons mentioned above, forming today's bipolar structure of latifundios and minifundios.

[Kinichiro Harada]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ラテンアメリカのスペイン系諸国における伝統的大農場。ラテンアメリカの低開発、とりわけ農業の停滞要因としてあげられる大土地所有制(ラティフンディオ)を、プランテーション(輸出用商品作物を栽培する近代的大規模農業経営)とともに構成している。その特徴は、不在地主、商品生産と自給生産の並存、資本や技術の不足、膨大な未耕地の存在、家父長的な地主と小作の関係などにある。その形成は17世紀にさかのぼる。当初もっぱら鉱業に向けられていたスペイン人入植者の経済的関心が、食糧供給者としての原住民共同体の衰退とともにしだいに農業に向けられた。そしてスペイン不況による大西洋貿易の衰退に伴い、資本移動や土地保有の公認などの条件に恵まれて、新たに巨大で複合的な(農牧、農工など)生産組織が形成された。そのおもな変化は、鉱業経済から農業経済への推移とともに労働力の雇用形態にある。すなわち、当初エンコミエンダ制(原住民のキリスト教化を名目に、スペイン国王が植民者に征服地の住民の統治を委託する制度)によって徴募されていた原住民賦役労働力が、原住民人口の激減に伴って維持困難となり、農場主が直接に原住民を雇用し、農場内に定住させる形態(ペオン)をとるようになった。その結果、いっそう原住民共同体の解体が進んだ。またアシエンダは、その発達に伴って前記のペオンとは別の臨時労働力源として、周辺にミニフンディオ(零細経営地)を小作関係などを通じて増殖し、今日のラティフンディオとミニフンディオの二極構造を形成した。

[原田金一郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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