The word "conquest" is sometimes used to describe the act of reaching an unreached mountaintop or overcoming an unresolved problem, but this is a metaphorical example, and its original meaning is that a social group such as a nation or ethnic group forces another social group to submit by force. Subjugation under international law has two legal effects: the end of the war and the acquisition of territory. In other words, the war ends without the need for a peace treaty through conquest, and the defeated country loses its national existence and disappears, and is annexed to the territory of the victorious country. An example of this is the conquest of Ethiopia by Italy in 1936. There are two requirements for conquest under international law. First, the control of the territory of the other country by force must be effective and definite. Even if the entire territory is occupied, if the allied country is still fighting, there is still a possibility that the occupation will be removed, so the effect of conquest does not occur. Secondly, the victorious country must express its intention to possess the occupied territory. Some say that Germany was once conquered by the Allied Powers during World War II, but since the Allied Powers clearly denied their intention to possess it, it should be considered that the conquest never took place. The system of conquest under international law described above is a product of an era when war was legal, and now that the use of force has generally become illegal under the UN Charter, there is a growing view that the effect of territorial acquisition is no longer recognized. [Taijudo Kanae] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
征服conquestという語は、前人未到の山頂への到達や、未解決の難問の打開などの行為を表現するために用いられることがあるが、これは比喩(ひゆ)的な用語例であって、本来の意味は、ある国家や民族などの社会集団が他の社会集団を実力によって屈服せしめることである。国際法上の征服subjugationは、この事実に戦争終結と領域取得という二つの法効果を生じさせる。すなわち、征服によって戦争は講和条約を要することなく終結し、また敗戦国は国家的存在を失って消滅して、戦勝国の領域に併合される。1936年のイタリアによるエチオピア征服がこの例である。国際法上の征服が成立するためには、次の二つの要件がある。第一は、相手国領域に対する実力支配が実効的かつ確定的なことである。たとえ全領域を占領されても、同盟国がなお戦争を継続している場合には、その占領が排除される可能性が残っているから、征服の効果は生じない。第二に、戦勝国による占領地領有意思の表明が必要である。第二次世界大戦において、ドイツはいったん連合国に征服されたとする説もあるが、連合国は領有の意思を明白に否定したから、征服は実現しなかったとみるべきである。以上のような国際法上の征服の制度は、戦争が合法とされていた時代の産物であり、国連憲章によって武力行使が一般的に違法となった現在では、もはや領域取得の効果は認められないとする見方が強くなっている。 [太寿堂鼎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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