Stability constant

Japanese: 安定度定数 - あんていどていすう(英語表記)stability constant
Stability constant

A constant that indicates the stability of a complex in an aqueous solution. It is usually expressed as the formation constant of the complex, so it is also called the complex formation constant. For example, when the following complexes are successively formed between a metal ion M and a ligand L (charges are omitted), the formula is as follows:


In this case, k 1 , k 2 , …, k n are called the successive stability constants at each stage, and the product K of all the successive stability constants is called the total stability constant or simply the stability constant. That is,

However, since this is a reaction in an aqueous solution, activity should be used instead of concentration, but since it is not easy to calculate activity in all cases, measurements are taken at various concentrations and extrapolated to infinite dilution to determine the value when the activity coefficient is 1. This K is generally called the stability constant, but it is more common to express it by taking the common logarithm of this value.

Stability constants are extremely important in understanding the behavior of metal ions in aqueous solutions, because they indicate the degree to which the aqua metal ions in an aqueous solution react with and displace ligands. For example, the log K for the [Ni(NH 3 ) 6 ] 2+ ion is 8.01, which means that when enough ammonia is reacted with the aqua ions of nickel(II) in aqueous solution, the majority of the ions form ammine complex ions. The stability constants calculated using activity are sometimes called thermodynamic stability constants, and are important because they allow the calculation of thermodynamic constants such as entropy change, enthalpy (heat content) change, and free energy change.

Stability constants have been measured not only for monodentate ligands, but also for many polydentate ligand chelates. The stability constants of complexes formed by chelating ligands are always significantly higher than the stability constants of the corresponding monodentate ligands. For example, the K of [Ni(en) 3 ] 2+ is log K = 13.82, which is 10 5.8 times more stable than the corresponding K of [Ni(NH 3 ) 6 ] 2+ (en is ethylenediamine). This effect is called the chelate effect.

One way to consider the stability of a complex is to use the dissociation constant rather than the formation constant, which is the reciprocal of the stability constant and is called the instability constant.

[Nakahara Katsunori]

[References] | aqua ion | ammonia | ion | ethylenediamine | entropy | activity | chelate compound | complex | free energy | heat content | ligand

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

錯体の水溶液中における安定度を示す定数。通常、錯体の生成定数をもって表すので錯生成定数ともよばれる。たとえば、金属イオンMと配位子L(それぞれ電荷は省略)との間に、次のような錯体を逐次生成するとき、次式のようになる。


このときk1, k2, ……, knを、それぞれの段階での逐次安定度定数といい、すべての逐次安定度定数の積Kを、全安定度定数または単に安定度定数という。すなわち、

である。ただし水溶液中での反応であるから、正しくは濃度のかわりに活量(活動度)を用いなくてはならないが、すべての場合に活量を求めるのは容易ではないので、各種濃度での測定を行い、無限希釈に補外(外挿)して活量係数1の場合の値として求めている。一般にはこのKを安定度定数といっているが、通常はこの値の常用対数をとって表すことのほうが多い。

 安定度定数は、水溶液中に存在するアクア金属イオンが配位子と反応して、どの程度置換しているかということを示すものであるから、水溶液での金属イオンの挙動を知るうえできわめて重要なものである。たとえば[Ni(NH3)6]2+イオンでは、logK=8.01であり、したがって水溶液中でのニッケル(Ⅱ)のアクアイオンに十分のアンモニアを反応させると、圧倒的にアンミン錯イオンができていることがわかる。また安定度定数を活量を用いて求めた値は、とくに熱力学的安定度定数ということがあり、これからエントロピー変化、エンタルピー(熱含量)変化、自由エネルギー変化のような熱力学的定数を求めることができるので重要である。

 安定度定数は単座配位子だけでなく、多くの多座配位子のつくるキレート化合物についても測定されている。キレート配位子のつくる錯体の安定度定数は、そのキレート配位子と対応する単座配位子での安定度定数と比べると、つねにかなり高い値をとる。たとえば、[Ni(en)3]2+KではlogK=13.82で、対応する[Ni(NH3)6]2+でのKの105.8倍も安定であることになる(enはエチレンジアミン)。このような効果をキレート効果といっている。

 錯体の安定な度合いを考えるために、生成定数ではなく、解離定数をとる考え方もあり、これはちょうど安定度定数の逆数となり、不安定度定数とよばれる。

[中原勝儼]

[参照項目] | アクアイオン | アンモニア | イオン | エチレンジアミン | エントロピー | 活動度 | キレート化合物 | 錯体 | 自由エネルギー | 熱含量 | 配位子

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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