The 12th century writer Chrétien de Troyes was the first to mention the "Holy Grail" in European literature. He wrote five Arthurian works, including his last, Le Roman de Perceval ou le Conte du Graal, dedicated to Philippe d'Alsace, Count of Flanders. In the castle of the wounded Fisher King, Perceval witnesses a mysterious procession carrying a blood-stained spear, a candlestick, a Holy Grail, and a silver meat platter. At this point, however, the "Holy Grail" was not necessarily a holy thing in the Christian sense, but merely a vessel. However, this theme stimulated people's imaginations, and stories of various origins were written and told in various languages, creating a major trend in Europe. There are three possible origins for the Holy Grail legend. The first theory is that it originated in Celtic, and was formed mainly by American scholars such as Roger Loomis. Opinions vary widely, but the general consensus is that the origin of the Fisher King, the spear that wounded him, and the resulting devastation of the land can be found in Celtic legend, which contains many instances that could explain the objects seen in Chrétien's mysterious procession, and which could be understood as the hero's visit to another world. The second is the Christian origin theory, in which it is the "Holy Grail" that Jesus Christ used at the Last Supper and that Joseph of Arimathea received a drop of Jesus' blood when he was taken from the cross. The spear is the one that pierced Jesus' side, and the meaning of the procession is Jesus' suffering and the lesson associated with it. The Knights of the Round Table set out on a journey in search of the Holy Grail, which can only be obtained by knights with pure hearts, and the adventure surrounding this Holy Grail has been written about in many writers' poems and prose works. The third category includes many theories. Some are Celtic, some Christian, and some have a ritual origin. The latter consider the Grail to be a symbol of the female principle and the spear to be a symbol of the fertility of both sexes. Others claim that it was influenced by Islam, others point out its similarities to Persian legends, others that it was influenced by the Knights Templar and Albigensians, others that it was influenced by Gnosticism, others that it had an original text, others that it was influenced by Egypt, others that it was influenced by psychoanalysis, and still others that it was influenced by Judaism and that Chrétien wrote The Story of the Holy Grail to convert the Jews. Many writers and composers have written on this subject, including Thomas Malory, Richard Wagner, and Alfred Tennyson. According to legend, after the crucifixion of Christ, Joseph of Arimathea brought the Holy Grail to England and buried it in Glastonbury Hill. Today, that hill is called Chalice Hill, and at its southern foot is the Well of the Holy Grail. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ヨーロッパ文学の作品中に「聖杯」を初めて登場させたのは,12世紀の作家,クレチアン・ド・トロアである。彼は五つのアーサー王関係の作品を残したが,そのうちフランドル伯フィリップ・ダルザスに捧げた最後の作品『聖杯物語』Le Roman de Perceval ou le Conte du Graalの中でのことである。傷を負った漁夫王の城で,主人公ペルスバルは血のしたたる槍,燭台,聖杯,銀の肉切り皿が運ばれる不思議な行列を目撃する。だがこの時点での「聖杯」は必ずしもキリスト教的な意味での聖なるものではなく,一個の器にすぎなかった。しかし,この主題は人々の想像力を刺激し,さまざまな起源からのさまざまな言語による物語が書かれ,語られ,ヨーロッパに一つの大きな潮流をつくり上げることになった。聖杯伝説には,大別すると三つの起源が考えられる。第一の説は,ケルト起源説であり,ロジャー・ルーミスなどアメリカ人学者を中心に形成された。意見の差は大きいが,漁夫王,彼を傷つけた槍,そのことによってもたらされた土地の荒廃の源を,ケルト伝説に求めるというのが基本的態度である。ケルト伝説には,ことにクレチアンの不思議な行列にみられる物体を説明できる実例が多く,主人公の異界への訪問と理解できる。 第二はキリスト教起源説で,ここではイエス・キリストが最後の晩餐に用い,アリマタヤのヨセフが十字架からおろされたイエスの血の一滴を受けた「聖杯」Holy Grailとなる。槍はイエスの脇腹を刺したものであり,行列の意味はイエスの受難とそれにまつわる教訓となる。この聖杯を求めて円卓の騎士たちが旅に出るのだが,心の清い騎士のみが手にすることができる,この聖杯をめぐる冒険は,多くの作家たちの韻文,散文作品の中で扱われるのである。 第三には,多くの説が含まれる。ケルト的なものもキリスト教化も,祭儀起源説もある。後者は,聖杯を女性原理,槍を男性原理――両性の生殖力の象徴とみなす。また,イスラムの影響を説く学者,ペルシア伝説とその類似の指摘,テンプル騎士団(→神殿騎士修道会)やアルビ派の影響,グノーシス派の影響,あるいは原典があったとする説,エジプトの影響,精神分析学の見地からの説,ユダヤ教の影響を指摘し,クレチアンが『聖杯の物語』を書いた目的はユダヤ人の改宗とする説などがある。トマス・マロリーをはじめリヒアルト・ワーグナーやアルフレッド・テニソンなど,この主題を手がけた作家や作曲家は多い。伝説によると,キリスト処刑後のアリマタヤのヨセフは,聖杯をイギリスへ運び,グラストンベリーの丘に埋めたという。その丘は今日「チャリス・ヒル(聖杯の丘)」と呼ばれ,南麓には「聖杯の井戸」がある。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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