Company storehouse - Shaso

A storehouse used mainly in China to store rice and other things in emergencies. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, it was used as another name for a gisou (granary storehouse), but after the Song dynasty, as the meaning of gisou changed, it was placed in villages and villages, managed autonomously, and referred to a grain storehouse that was lent out during poor harvests or the spring transition period. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty under Emperor Shenzong (reigned 1067-85), there was an attempt to set up a granary in a village, but Wang Anshi opposed it and implemented the Qingmiao Law. In the Southern Song Dynasty in 1168, during a great famine in Jianning Prefecture (Jian'ou County, Fujian Province), Zhu Xi (Zhu Xi) obtained official millet to save the people, and in the autumn, he repaid it, which he kept in people's homes and lent out once a year, with interest discounted or waived in years of famine. Then, in 1171, three community granaries were established with subsidies from the prefectural governor, and after repayment with interest in grain, they were lent out free of charge. Later, the so-called Zhu Xi Community Granary Law was added, which provided for the lending of Changping rice (price-adjusted rice) from prefectures and counties upon request, or for wealthy people to donate and charge an interest of two tou per koku, and allowed local influential people and officials to operate them autonomously. When Zhu Xi was appointed Changping Tea and Salt in Eastern Zhejiang, he petitioned the emperor to set up community granaries in the south, mainly in Liang Zhe (present-day Zhejiang Province and Jiangsu Province south of the Yangtze River), at the end of 1181, but the influential people held real power, which created problems, and the system was not necessarily effective for small peasants. During the Ming Dynasty, they were also practiced in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, and during the Qing Dynasty, many of them were established with donations from wealthy local people and influential people, and run by publicly elected presidents and vice presidents, but many of them were destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion.

[Tadao Aoyama]

"Studies on the Political and Economic History of the Song Dynasty" by Shizuo Sogabe (1974, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

おもに中国で非常米などを貯蔵した倉。隋(ずい)・唐(とう)時代には義倉(ぎそう)の別名として用いられたが、宋(そう)代以後義倉が変化するにつれて郷村に置かれ、自治的に運営され、凶作や春の端境(はざかい)期に貸与した穀物倉をさした。北宋の神宗（在位1067～85）の初めに社（村）に社倉を設けようとしたが、王安石が反対して青苗(せいびょう)法を行った。南宋になり1168年建寧(けんねい)府（福建省建甌(けんおう)県）の大飢饉(ききん)に、朱子（朱熹(しゅき)）が官粟(かんぞく)を得て民を救い、秋、返済したのを民家にとどめ、年1回貸し付け、飢饉の年には利息を割引あるいは免除した。ついで71年知府の援助銭で社倉3をつくり、利息の穀物で返済したあとは無料で貸与した。その後、細目を加えたいわゆる朱子の社倉法では、希望すれば州県の常平米（物価調節米）を貸し、あるいは富豪の寄付によって石当り2斗の利息をとり、在住の有力者と官吏に自治的に運営させた。朱子が浙東(せっとう)常平茶塩に任命されたおり、その上奏によって1181年末には両浙(せつ)（現在の浙江省と、揚子江(ようすこう)以南の江蘇(こうそ)省）を中心に南方で社倉が設けられたが、有力者が実権を握って弊害が生まれ、小農民にかならずしも有効でなかった。明(みん)代には朝鮮、日本、ベトナムにも行われ、清(しん)代には土地の富豪、有力者の寄付により、社長、社副を公選して運営させ、かなり多く設けられたが、太平天国の乱に荒廃したものが多かった。

［青山定雄］

『曽我部静雄著『宋代政経史の研究』（1974・吉川弘文館）』

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