It is also called the Coming of Age Ceremony. It is a ceremony in which an individual who had been treated as a child is recognized by society as an adult, and is the most important and diverse of all rites of passage. For women, it is sometimes called the Coming of Age Ceremony. It is important to distinguish between a coming of age ceremony as a celebration of maturity and an initiation ceremony. The former is an individual-centered, family-oriented, and public ceremony, while the latter is a collective ceremony in which a boy (or girl) who has reached adulthood joins a youth group, a girls' group, or a men's association. Generally, boys' coming of age ceremonies are often held in groups, while girls' coming of age ceremonies are individual and family-oriented. For boys, the coming of age ceremony does not necessarily coincide with physiological maturity, but for girls, it coincides with the time of menarche (first menstruation). By passing through the coming-of-age ceremony, an individual acquires the rights and responsibilities of a full-fledged adult for the first time. Therefore, coming-of-age ceremonies are highly important in all societies, and the separation from one's previous life and the acquisition of a new status are often represented by the motif of "death and rebirth." Furthermore, as coming-of-age ceremonies are typical rites of passage, they consist of three stages: (1) a period of separation from one's previous status, (2) a period of transition until the acquisition of a new status, and (3) a period of integration into the new status. In the initiation ceremony called polo among the Mende people of West Africa, when a certain number of school-age boys have reached a certain age, the boys are taken by the elders of the tribe to a school built in the bush. A bag filled with chicken blood is tied around the boy's stomach, and when he is thrown into the school fence, the bag is poked with a spear and blood flows. The boys are considered to have died and entered the spirit world. It represents a ritual of separation. While at the school, the boys learn all the knowledge that adult men must know, such as Mende ethics, morals, rituals, and life skills. The training at the school is hard, but there are also fun aspects, such as the succession of feasts. The boys are circumcised and given sex education. This period can be considered a transitional period. After the training, the boys are sent back to their villages, but their names are changed and they pretend not to know their family or acquaintances when they meet them. It symbolizes "rebirth" and is the integration period. Thus, we can see three important aspects of the coming-of-age ceremony: (1) the individual who undergoes it becomes a full member of society, (2) he or she undergoes certain tests to test their capabilities, and (3) he or she is allowed to marry. In Japan, coming-of-age ceremonies were generally held between the ages of 15 and 18. In aristocratic society, they were called kakan (crowning) or genpuku (coming-of-age ceremony), in samurai society they were called eboshigi (wearing black hats), and among peasants, they were called nagae-iwai (name-changing ceremony) for men and kaneduke-iwai (wearing iron paste) or yumoji-iwai (yumoji ceremony) for women. Furthermore, in traditional Japanese society, there were certain standards for what it meant to become a "full-fledged adult," and each village had a set amount of work that an adult could do in a day, such as plowing, planting, and weeding, and the coming-of-age ceremony tested each person's abilities. The significance of the current "Coming of Age Day" (January 15th, since 2000 the second Monday in January) is to make individuals aware that they automatically become adults at the age of 20 and are able to fulfill legal rights and obligations. However, this is a uniform decision made by the country and has nothing to do with an individual's own will or efforts. [Tsuneo Ayabe] "Rites of Passage" by Arnold van Gennep, translated by Tsuneo Ayabe and Yuko Ayabe (1977, Kobundo) [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
成人式ともよばれる。それまで子供として扱われていた個人が、一人前として社会から認められる儀礼で、通過儀礼のなかでももっとも重要かつ多彩な性格をもっている。女性の場合は成女式とよばれることもある。成年式は成熟祝いの場合と入社式(イニシエーション)の場合とを区別しておく必要がある。前者は個人中心で、家族的かつ公開的に行われるものをさし、後者は成人の年齢に達した男子(女子)の若者組、娘組、男子結社などへの集団的加入礼をいう。一般に男子の成年式は集団的に行われることが多く、女子の成女式は個人的・家族的である。成年式は男子では生理的成熟とかならずしも一致しないが、女子では初経(初潮)の時期と一致している。 成年式を通過することによって、個人は初めて一人前の成人としての権利を獲得し、義務を負うことになる。したがって、いずれの社会でも成年式はきわめて重視されており、これまでの生活からの別離と新しい身分の獲得が、「死と再生」のモチーフによって示されることが多い。また成年式は典型的な通過儀礼であるから、(1)これまでの身分からの分離期、(2)新しい身分を獲得するまでの過渡期、(3)新しい身分への統合期、という三つの段階からなっている。 西アフリカのメンデ人のポロとよばれる成年式(加入礼)では、学齢期の少年が一定数に達すると、少年たちは同族の長老によってブッシュの中につくられた学校へ連れられていく。少年の腹の上にニワトリの血が入った袋が巻き付けられ、学校の柵内(さくない)に投げ入れられるとき、槍(やり)で袋が突かれて血が流れる。少年たちは死んで霊界に入ったものとみなされるのである。分離の儀礼を意味している。学校にいる間、少年たちはメンデ人の倫理、道徳、儀礼、生活技術など、成人男子が知っておかねばならないあらゆる知識を学ぶ。学校での訓練は苦しいが、次々と宴が繰り広げられ、楽しい面もある。少年たちは割礼(かつれい)を受け、性教育も施される。この期間を過渡期と考えることができる。訓練を終わった少年たちは村へ帰されるが、名前が変わり、家族や知人に会っても知らないふりをする。「再生」を象徴しており統合期にあたる。 このように成年式には、それを受ける個人が、この儀礼を期して(1)社会の一人前の成員になること、(2)その能力を試すための一定の試練を受けること、(3)結婚が許されること、という三つの重要な側面をみてとることができる。 わが国の場合、成年式は一般に15歳から18歳までに行われていた。貴族社会では加冠(かかん)とか元服(げんぷく)とかよばれ、士族社会では烏帽子着(えぼしぎ)、農民の間では男は名替(ながえ)祝い、女の場合は鉄漿付(かねづけ)祝い、ユモジ祝いなどとよばれた。また、日本の伝統社会では、何をもって「一人前」と考えるかということについて一定の基準があり、田打ち、田植、草刈りなど、成人が1日にできる仕事の量が村によって定まっており、成年式では各人の能力が試された。 現在の「成人の日」(1月15日、2000年からは1月第2月曜日)の意義は、20歳をもって自動的に成人になったとし、法的な権利義務を遂行しうるということを、当人に認識させることであるが、国が一律に決めたことであり、本人の意志や努力とは関係がない。 [綾部恒雄] 『アルノルト・ファン・ヘネップ著、綾部恒雄・綾部裕子訳『通過儀礼』(1977・弘文堂)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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