Static electricity

Japanese: 静電気 - せいでんき
Static electricity

An electrical phenomenon when the distribution of electric charges does not change over time. Frictional electrification, electric fields generated by conductors with DC voltage, and electric fields (electric fields) generated by stationary electric charges are all problems of static electricity. For example, when you touch a metal object such as a doorknob on a dry winter day, the static electricity that was charged on the metal is discharged to your fingertips, causing a tingling sensation. Synthetic fibers also have low hygroscopicity, so they are easily charged with static electricity generated by friction. This is why synthetic underwear gets tangled. Antistatic agents have been developed to prevent the damage caused by these static electricity. In some cases, such as coal mine gas explosions, static electricity can be discharged into stagnant combustibles or explosive gases, causing major disasters. Static electricity, as defined, is an electrical phenomenon that does not change over time, but since electrostatic induction of a conductor occurs in a time of approximately one millionth of a second, the theory of static electricity applies even in cases where there is a slower change in time than this. The basic law of static electricity is Coulomb's law of the electric force acting between electric charges.

[Shigeo Yamaguchi]

[Reference] | Coulomb's law| Charge | Electric field

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電荷の分布が時間的に変化しないときの電気現象。摩擦による帯電現象、直流電圧のかかった導体より生ずる電界、静止する電荷から生ずる電界(電場)などは、すべて静電気の問題である。たとえば、乾燥した冬の日にドアのノブなどの金属に触ると、金属に帯電していた静電気が指先に放電されてピリリと感じる。また、合成繊維は吸湿性が少ないので摩擦で発生した静電気が帯電しやすい。合成繊維の肌着が絡みつくのはそのためである。これらの静電気のもたらす害を防ぐため、帯電防止剤が開発されている。炭鉱ガス爆発のように、滞留している可燃物や爆発性ガスに静電気が放電されて大災害を起こすこともある。静電気は、定義のように、時間的に変化のないときの電気現象であるが、導体の静電誘導はおおよそ100万分の1秒程度の時間でおこるので、これよりもゆっくりした時間変化のある場合についても静電気の理論はそのまま成立する。静電気の基本法則は、電荷と電荷との間に働く電気力についてのクーロンの法則である。

[山口重雄]

[参照項目] | クーロンの法則 | 電荷 | 電場

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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