This refers to the phenomenon in which an individual's sex reverses during development, from male to female, or from female to male. This is not uncommon in lower animals that are on the border between hermaphroditism and heteromorphism, but is extremely rare in humans. Abnormalities in the sex chromosome structure, such as Klinefelter syndrome, in which the sex chromosome structure is XXY, with one more chromosome than normal, and the gonads are the testes, but the individual shows many feminine characteristics; testicular feminization syndrome (a type of male hermaphroditism), in which the sex chromosome structure is the normal male type of XY, the gonads are the testes, but the external genitalia are completely female and breasts develop during puberty; and adrenal genital syndrome (a type of female hermaphroditism), in which the sex chromosome structure is XX, the gonads are the ovaries, and the individual has a uterus, but due to an adrenal gland tumor or a deficiency in hormone synthesis enzymes, excessive male hormones are secreted, causing the vulva to become masculine. Despite having no abnormalities in their sex chromosomes, gonads, internal genitalia, or external genitalia, there are people who believe that they are in fact of a different sex, and there are also people who wish to become a different sex. This sexual tendency is called transsexualism or transsex, and is medically diagnosed as gender identity disorder. These people are often confused with homosexuality, but they are not homosexual. Transsex men believe that they are in fact women, and wish to be loved as women by heterosexual men. The true cause of transsex is still unknown, but some suggestions include the influence of certain hormones during fetal development and the influence of parents during infancy. Sex reassignment surgery (gender reassignment surgery) is widely performed in Europe and America, but in Japan it has been limited to hermaphrodites with congenital abnormalities. Since a doctor who performed a sex reassignment surgery was found guilty of violating the Eugenic Protection Law in 1969 (Showa 44), it has not been publicly permitted to perform sex reassignment surgery on so-called transsexuals. However, in 1996 (Heisei 8), the Saitama Medical University Ethics Committee issued the first report recognizing sex reassignment surgery as a legitimate medical procedure, and the first sex reassignment surgery in Japan was performed in 1998. [Masafumi Shirai] Animal Sex ChangeThe sex of an animal is primarily determined genetically at the time of fertilization, but this is not necessarily final and can be changed naturally or experimentally. An example of this occurring naturally is the freemartin. In other words, when fraternal twins of cattle are genetically male and female, the male is normal, but the female is masculinized to various degrees (if both are the same sex, both will grow up normally). Another example is what is called parasitic castration. For example, when a crab is parasitized by a larva, not only the secondary sexual characteristics but also the internal reproductive organs are feminized, and sometimes eggs are produced. One method of experimentally inducing sex reversal is the administration of sex hormones. If killifish are raised with female hormones immediately after hatching, the genetic males become completely female, and if they are raised with male hormones, the genetic females become completely masculinized. The converted killifish are functional and can produce offspring. It is also possible to raise the larvae of some frogs with female hormones to turn the genetic males into females. Furthermore, when testes are transplanted into the abdominal cavity of a genetic female larva, complete masculinization occurs and sperm are produced. It has also been observed that when the left ovary is removed in a chicken, the right ovary develops into a testis. Sex change can also occur depending on the rearing temperature. When the larvae of a certain type of frog are reared in water at a temperature of 20°C, there will be an equal number of males and females, but when they are reared at a high temperature of 32°C, there will be more males, and when they are reared at a low temperature of 10 to 15°C, there will be more females. [Masayuki Uchibori] "Sex Change in Fish," edited by Nakazono Akinobu and Kuwamura Tetsuo (1987, Tokai University Press)" ▽ "Records of a Transsexual, by Torai Masae and Usami Keiko (1997, Seikyusha)" ▽ "False Bodies: Everything about Sex Change, edited by B. Kamprad and W. Schiffels, translated by Kondo Satoko (1998, Shinzansha Publishing)" ▽ "Illustrated Sex Change Manual, by the Sexual Problems Research Group (2000, Dobun Shoin)" ▽ "Sex Change, by D.N. McCloskey, translated by Nonaka Kuniko (Bunshun Bunko)" [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
発育の途中で個体の性が雄から雌に、雌から雄にそれぞれ逆転する現象をいう。雌雄同体と異体との境界にあるような下等な動物では珍しくないが、ヒトではきわめてまれな現象である。性染色体の構成異常、たとえば性染色体構成はXXY型で、染色体数は正常より1個多い47個であり、性腺(せいせん)は精巣(睾丸(こうがん))で男性でありながら多くの点で女性的徴候を示すクラインフェルター症候群Klinefelter syndromeのほか、性染色体構成はXYの正常男性型で性腺も精巣でありながら、外性器は完全な女性型で思春期になると乳房も発育する精巣性女性化症候群(男性半陰陽の一型)、性染色体構成がXXの女性型で性腺は卵巣で子宮なども存在するが、副腎(ふくじん)の腫瘍(しゅよう)やホルモン合成酵素の欠損などがあるため、男性ホルモンが過剰に分泌され外陰部が男性化してしまう副腎性器症候群(女性半陰陽の一型)などがある。 このような性染色体や性腺、内性器や外性器にまったく異常がないにもかかわらず、自分は本当は別の性に属していると信じている人たちがおり、また別の性になりたいと願っている人たちがいる。こうした性的傾向をトランスセクシュアリズムtranssexualismとかトランスセックスとよび、医学上は性同一性障害と診断される。このような人たちは同性愛と混同されがちであるが、同性愛ではない。トランスセックスの男性は、自分は本当は女性であると思っているので、異性愛の男性から女性として愛されたいと願っている。トランスセックスの真の原因はまだわかっていないが、胎児期におけるある種のホルモンの影響や幼児期に受けた両親からの影響などがあげられている。 性転換手術(性別再指定手術)は、ヨーロッパやアメリカなどでは広く行われているが、日本では先天的に異常のある半陰陽などに限られていた。1969年(昭和44)に性転換手術を行った医師が優生保護法違反で有罪判決を受けて以来、いわゆるトランスセックスの人に性転換手術を行うことは公には認められていなかったが、1996年(平成8)に埼玉医科大学倫理委員会から初めて性転換手術を正当な医療行為と認める答申が出され、1998年に国内初の性転換手術が行われた。 [白井將文] 動物の性転換動物の性は一義的には受精の際に遺伝的に決定されるが、その性決定はかならずしも最終的なものではなく、自然的に、また実験的に変わりうる。自然的におこる例としてフリーマーチンがある。すなわちウシの二卵性双生児が遺伝的に雄と雌である場合、雄は正常であるが雌はいろいろな程度に雄化する(2頭とも同じ性ならばいずれも正常に育つ)。また別の例として寄生去勢とよばれるものがある。たとえばカニの雄にフクロムシが寄生すると二次性徴のみならず内部生殖器も雌化し、ときには卵子を生ずる。実験的に性転換をおこさせる方法としては性ホルモンの投与がある。メダカを孵化(ふか)直後から雌性ホルモンで飼うと遺伝的雄が完全な雌になり、雄性ホルモンで飼うと遺伝的雌が完全に雄化する。転換したメダカは機能的で子孫をつくることができる。ある種のカエルの幼生を雌性ホルモンで飼育して遺伝的雄を雌にすることもできる。また遺伝的雌幼生の腹腔(ふくこう)内に精巣を移植すると完全な雄化がおこり精子を形成する。このほか、ニワトリで左卵巣を除去すると右卵巣が精巣に発達することがみられている。飼育温度によっても性転換がおこる。ある種のカエルの幼生を20℃の水温で飼うと雌雄同数となるが、32℃の高温で飼うと雄が多く、10~15℃の低温で飼うと雌が多くなる。 [内堀雅行] 『中園明信・桑村哲生編『魚類の性転換』(1987・東海大学出版会)』▽『虎井まさ衛・宇佐美恵子著『ある性転換者の記録』(1997・青弓社)』▽『B・カンプラート、W・シッフェルス編著、近藤聡子訳『偽りの肉体――性転換のすべて』(1998・信山社出版)』▽『性の問題研究会著『図解性転換マニュアル』(2000・同文書院)』▽『D・N・マクロスキー著、野中邦子訳『性転換』(文春文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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